复方单硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释片人体生物等效性研究

目的 :评价试验制剂复方单硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释片 (T)与参比制剂单硝酸异山梨醇酯缓释片和阿司匹林肠溶片 (R)的生物等效性 ,以及缓释制剂释放特点、稳态血浓度和波动度。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法分别测定单剂和多剂交叉给药单硝酸异山梨醇酯和阿司匹林代谢物水杨酸经时血浓度 ,计算药物动力学参数 ,并进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果 :单剂给药试验制剂和参比制剂单硝酸异山梨醇酯半衰期 (t1 2 )分别为 8.3± 0 .6、8.2± 0 .6h ,血浓度峰值 (Cmax)分别为 0 .5 1± 0 .0 9、 0 .5 3±0 .0 9mg·L-1,达峰时间 (tmax)分别为 4 .8± 0 .4、4 .6± 0 .3h ,药时曲线下面积 (AUC0 -t)分别为 4 .90±0 .6 1、5 .2± 0 .8mg·h-1·L-1,相对生物利用度 (F)为(96 .1± 10 .8) % ;试验制剂和参比制剂阿司匹林代谢物水杨酸t1 2 分别为 2 .4± 0 .3、2 .5± 0 .3h ,Cmax分别为 3.4± 0 .5、3.0± 0 .4mg·L-1,tmax分别为 1.7±0 .2h和 4 .9± 0 .3h ,AUC0 -t分别为 13.4± 2 .5和13.0± 2 .5mg·h-1·L-1,以水杨酸计阿司匹林F为(10 3.6± 9.6 ) %。多剂给药试验制剂和参比制剂单硝酸异山梨醇酯Cmax 分别为 0 .6 8± 0 .14、0 .6 7±0 .13mg·L-1,Cmin 分别为 0 .17± 0 .0 3、 0 .17±0 .0 4mg·L-1,波动系数 (DF)     

头孢克肟片人体药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究头孢克肟供试制剂和参比制剂的药代动力学和人体生物等效性。方法用HPLC法测定18名健康受试者随机交叉口服200mg头孢克肟后血药浓度,用3P97进行最佳模型拟合,并计算药代动力学参数。结果不同时间药物在血清中的浓度符合2室模型,计算所得的供试制剂和参比制剂之间的主要药代动力学参数如下:Cmax为2.56±0.69,2.32±0.63 mg·L-1;tmax为3.17±0.66,3.5±0.62h,;tl/2β为3.15±0.49,3.31±0.51 h;AUC0-∞为19.91±5.18,19.09±5.36 mg·h.L-1;供试制剂对参比制剂的生物利用度为(106.22±1 8.48)％。结论供试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,用LC-MS/MS法对国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊在20名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行测定。药动学参数用ANOVA处理。结果:国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的AUC0-→t分别为:(543.61±415.55),(547.04±455.59)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(573.30±439.11),(591.77±513.15)μg·h·L-1;cmax为分别(39.13±14.45),(37.44±14.30)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.61±0.71),(1.85±0.79)h;T1／2分别为(9.69±4.81),(9.77±5.51)h。国产托烷司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.47±24.07)％(n=20)。2组参数cmax,AUC0→t经对数转换后,行方差分析和双单侧t检验,均未见统计学意义。结论:托烷司琼国产的制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

ON STATISTICAL POWER FOR AVERAGE BIOEQUIVALENCE TESTING UNDER REPLICATED CROSSOVER DESIGNS

In its recent guidance on bioequivalence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends a two-sequence, four-period (2×4)replicated crossover design be used for assessment of population and individual bioequivalence [FDA. Guidance for Industry on Statistical Approaches to Establishing Bioequivalence; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration: Rockville, MD, 2001]. The recommended replicated crossover design not only allows estimates of both the inter-subject and the intra-subject variabilities and the variability due to subject-by-formulation interaction, but also provides an assessment of average bioequivalence (ABE). In this article, power function for assessment of ABE under a general replicated crossover design (i.e., a 2×2mreplicated crossover design) based on the traditional analysis of variance model and the mixed effects model as suggested by the FDA are studied. It is found that the power of a 2×2mreplicated crossover design depends upon the variability due to subject-by-formulation interaction and the number of replicates. Based on the derived power function, formula for sample size calculation for assessment of ABE under a 2×2mreplicated crossover design is also provided.     

Extension to the use of tolerance intervals for the assessment of individual bioequivalence

For the determination of bioequivalence, researchers have recently shifted their emphasis from average bioequivalence alone to average and individual bioequivalence. Existing methods for assessing average bioequivalence were first developed for the standard 2 × 2 crossover design, but these methods are easily generalized to the two-treatment, ρ-period crossover designs (e.g., TRR, RTT, and TTRR, RRTT, TRRT, RTTR). With respect to individual bioequivalence, Westlake (1,2) implemented the use of parametric and distribution-free tolerance intervals for assessing individual bioequivalence. Anderson and Hauck (3) described what they call the test of individual equivalence ratios (TIER) for the same purpose. Note that these methods have been applied and/or developed only for the standard 2 × 2 crossover design. The present work extends the method of using parametric tolerance intervals for assessing individual bioequivalence.     

Bioequivalence and Food Effect of Dapagliflozin/Saxagliptin/Metformin Extended-release Fixed-combination Drug Products Compared With Coadministration of the Individual Components in Healthy Subjects

PurposeFixed-combination drug products (FCDPs) for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may show efficacy comparable to their individual components (ICs) while improving adherence to treatment. This study evaluated the bioequivalence and safety of 2 dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin extended-release (XR) FCDPs relative to their ICs: saxagliptin and dapagliflozin/metformin XR.MethodsThis randomized, open-label, single-dose, single-center crossover study was conducted in 84 healthy subjects aged 18–55 years. The primary objective was to evaluate the fed-state bioequivalence of a dapagliflozin 5-mg/saxagliptin 2.5-mg/metformin 1000-mg XR FCDP and a dapagliflozin 10-mg/saxagliptin 5-mg/metformin 1000-mg XR FCDP relative to the ICs. Secondary objectives included the evaluation of the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of saxagliptin, dapagliflozin, and metformin in both FCDPs and characterization of the PK parameters of the active metabolite of saxagliptin, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin, in healthy subjects. PK parameters (AUC_0–∞, AUC_0–t, and C_max) were used to assess the bioequivalence of the 2 FCDPs with their ICs. The C_max and AUC_0–t of the study drugs were compared between female and male subjects to assess sex differences in exposure. Safety and tolerability of both FCDPs and ICs were also assessed with adverse events, vital signs (systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate), 12-lead ECG, physical examinations, and laboratory assessments.FindingsBoth dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin XR FCDPs were bioequivalent to their ICs. For the dapagliflozin 5-mg/saxagliptin 2.5-mg/metformin 1000-mg XR FCDP, the 90% CI for the geometric mean ratio of dapagliflozin C_max was slightly above the 80%–125% bioequivalence limit, which is unlikely to be clinically relevant. Food delayed the absorption of the study drugs in both FCDPs, which is unlikely to have a clinically relevant impact on efficacy. In both cohorts, exposure was higher in female subjects compared with male subjects, potentially due to the lower body weight of the female subjects. The safety profile and tolerability of the FCDPs were similar to those of their ICs, and no deaths or serious adverse events were reported.ImplicationsThese data support the use of the dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin XR FCDP in patients with T2DM. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03169959.     

In vitro and in vivo correlation for lipid-based formulations: Current status and future perspectives

Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) have demonstrated a great potential in enhancing the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, construction of in vitro and in vivo correlations (IVIVCs) for LBFs is quite challenging, owing to a complex in vivo processing of these formulations. In this paper, we start with a brief introduction on the gastrointestinal digestion of lipid/LBFs and its relation to enhanced oral drug absorption; based on the concept of IVIVCs, the current status of in vitro models to establish IVIVCs for LBFs is reviewed, while future perspectives in this field are discussed. In vitro tests, which facilitate the understanding and prediction of the in vivo performance of solid dosage forms, frequently fail to mimic the in vivo processing of LBFs, leading to inconsistent results. In vitro digestion models, which more closely simulate gastrointestinal physiology, are a more promising option. Despite some successes in IVIVC modeling, the accuracy and consistency of these models are yet to be validated, particularly for human data. A reliable IVIVC model can not only reduce the risk, time, and cost of formulation development but can also contribute to the formulation design and optimization, thus promoting the clinical translation of LBFs.     

左乙拉西坦缓释片在Beagle犬中的生物等效性研究

目的以Beagle犬为模型考察自制左乙拉西坦缓释片与参比缓释片(Keppra XR)在动物体内的生物等效性。方法 Beagle犬分别单剂量口服自制缓释片与参比制剂1 000mg,采用LC-MS/MS方法测定犬血浆中左乙拉西坦的浓度,通过药代动力学计算软件WinNonlin 5.2以非房室模型分别计算左乙拉西坦的药代动力学参数。结果自制缓释片与市售参比缓释片单剂量口服后,左乙拉西坦的达峰时间tmax分为1.67h和3.0h;峰浓度Cmax分别为89.50μg/ml和71.18μg/ml;消除半衰期t1/2分别为3.68h和3.50h;药时曲线下面积AUC(0-48)分别为826.57μg·h/ml和757.84μg·h/ml;药时曲线下面积AUC(0-∞)分别为826.68μg·h/ml和757.93μg·h/ml。与参比缓释片相比,自制左乙拉西坦缓释片的相对生物利用度为109.07%。结论初步判定两种制剂在犬体内具有类似的药代动力学特征和生物等效性。     

两种盐酸特拉唑嗪片的人体生物等效性研究

目的 评价单剂量口服国产和进口盐酸特拉唑嗪片的人体生物等效性。 方法 采用单中心、随机、开放、双周期交叉试验设计,21名受试者在不同周期分别空腹口服国产和进口盐酸特拉唑嗪片2 mg,于给药前0 h及给药后60 h内不同时间点采集静脉血4 ml,采用液-质联用(LC-MS/MS)法测定受试者血浆中特拉唑嗪的浓度。 结果 国产和进口盐酸特拉唑嗪片的t_1/2分别为(13.2±2.39)和(12.5±1.93) h;t_max分别为(1.01±0.83)和(1.08±0.69) h;C_max分别为(40.1±10.6)和(37.3±9.57) ng/ml;AUC_0-∞分别为(428±82.1)和(426±85.2) ng·h/ml。国产盐酸特拉唑嗪片的相对生物利用度为(101.2±14.7)%。国产与进口盐酸特拉唑嗪片AUC_0-t和C_max几何均值比的90%置信区间(CI)均落在80%~125%之间。 结论 国产和进口盐酸特拉唑嗪片具有生物等效性。