药品批发企业质量管理体系运行中内审问题分析与对策研究

目的： 分析药品批发企业质量管理体系运行中存在的普遍问题,提出改善药品批发企业质量体系内审管理水平的具体实施建议,持续改进批发企业质量管理水平,控制药品经营环节风险,保证药品质量。方法： 对328家药品批发企业GSP认证申报资料及现场检查报告中发现的企业内审工作中存在的具体问题进行汇总、整理、分析原因,发现当前企业普遍存在的问题,并探讨改进措施。结果与结论： 药品批发企业应通过完善内审管理,建立完整严谨的标准和工作流程,强化企业内审工作的权威性和独立性,建立企业全员参与机制,提高内审人员的综合素质和能力;寻找质量管理体系文件贯彻执行的偏差;在体系关键要素发生重大变化或调整后,完善新经营环境下质量管理体系。从而确保企业在药品采购、储存、销售、运输等日常经营过程中均严格执行药品GSP,确保企业质量管理体系保持健康正常的运行。     

Educational audit on drug dose calculation learning in a Tanzanian school of nursing

Background

Patient safety is a key concern for nurses; ability to calculate drug doses correctly is an essential skill to prevent and reduce medication errors. Literature suggests that nurses'' drug calculation skills should be monitored.

Objective

The aim of the study was to conduct an educational audit on drug dose calculation learning in a Tanzanian school of nursing. Specific objectives were to assess learning from targeted teaching, to identify problem areas in performance and to identify ways in which these problem areas might be addressed.

Methods

A total of 268 registered nurses and nursing students in two year groups of a nursing degree programme were the subjects for the audit; they were given a pretest, then four hours of teaching, a post-test after two weeks and a second post-test after eight weeks.

Results

There was a statistically significant improvement in correct answers in the first post-test, but none between the first and second post-tests. Particular problems with drug calculations were identified by the nurses / students, and the teacher; these identified problems were not congruent.

Conclusion

Further studies in different settings using different methods of teaching, planned continuing education for all qualified nurses, and appropriate pass marks for students in critical skills are recommended.     

临床试验通用稽查标准

主要论述《临床试验通用稽查标准》起草背景、目的、制定依据、适用范围、稽查内容与标准、稽查发现问题分级定义等,以期进一步完善临床试验质量管理体系,通过临床试验通用稽查标准的建立与执行,规范临床试验稽查工作,进而促进临床试验领域从业人员工作自律,规范临床试验过程,确保临床试验数据真实、结果可靠,加速我国临床试验研究的国际化进程,提升行业临床试验稽查水平和临床试验能力。     

Patient blood management in orthopaedic surgery: a four-year follow-up of transfusion requirements and blood loss from 2008 to 2011 at the Balgrist University Hospital in Zurich,Switzerland

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the introduction of a Patient Blood Management (PBM) programme in elective orthopaedic surgery on immediate pre-operative anaemia, red blood cell (RBC) mass loss, and transfusion.

Materials and methods

Orthopaedic operations (hip, n=3,062; knee, n=2,953; and spine, n=2,856) performed between 2008 and 2011 were analysed. Period 1 (2008), was before the introduction of the PBM programme and period 2 (2009 to 2011) the time after its introduction. Immediate pre-operative anaemia, RBC mass loss, and transfusion rates in the two periods were compared.

Results

In hip surgery, the percentage of patients with immediate pre-operative anaemia decreased from 17.6% to 12.9% (p<0.001) and RBC mass loss was unchanged, being 626±434 vs 635±450 mL (p=0.974). Transfusion rate was significantly reduced from 21.8% to 15.7% (p<0.001). The number of RBC units transfused remained unchanged (p=0.761). In knee surgery the prevalence of immediate pre-operative anaemia decreased from 15.5% to 7.8% (p<0.001) and RBC mass loss reduced from 573±355 to 476±365 mL (p<0.001). The transfusion rate dropped from 19.3% to 4.9% (p<0.001). RBC transfusions decreased from 0.53±1.27 to 0.16±0.90 units (p<0.001). In spine surgery the prevalence of immediate pre-operative anaemia remained unchanged (p=0.113), RBC mass loss dropped from 551±421 to 404±337 mL (p<0.001), the transfusion rate was reduced from 18.6 to 8.6% (p<0.001) and RBC transfusions decreased from 0.66±1.80 to 0.22±0.89 units (p=0.008).

Discussion

Detection and treatment of pre-operative anaemia, meticulous surgical technique, optimal surgical blood-saving techniques, and standardised transfusion triggers in the context of PBM programme resulted in a lower incidence of immediate pre-operative anaemia, reduction in RBC mass loss, and a lower transfusion rate.     

Clinical audit of antiphospholipid antibody testing in tertiary practice: towards improved relevance in thrombophilia investigations

Background: The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterised by vascular thromboses and/or pregnancy morbidity. Diagnosis of APS typically requires laboratory evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Depending on their clinical presentation, affected individuals might be seen by a variety of clinical specialities. Aim: To evaluate clinical ordering patterns for aPL/APS at a tertiary level public facility. Methods: We performed an audit of internal clinical requests for aPL tests at our institution for a 6‐month period. Results: We identified a wide variety of clinical ordering background for aPL, of predominantly obstetric (72/268; 26.9%) or thrombophilic (78/268; 29.1%) patients. Only 11/268 samples (4.1%) were positive for lupus anticoagulant (LA) and 14/268 (5.2%) were positive for anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). The percentage of aCL positivity in the LA‐positive group was 46% (5/11). None of the 72 obstetric patients tested was identified to have aPL. Of the 11 LA‐positive patients, the reasons identified for testing comprised: prolonged Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (assay) (n= 3), thrombosis (n= 3), APS (n= 2), systemic lupus erythematosus (n= 2), vasculitis (n= 1). Conclusion: We determined a wide variety of clinical ordering background for aPL at a tertiary level institution, with an overall low rate (<10%) of aPL positivity among a hospital population of predominantly obstetric or thrombophilic patients. That no positive obstetric aPL cases were identified suggests local clinical ordering guidelines may need review, as also potentially practised at other institutions. We also observed a moderate rate (46%) of coincidence of aCL and LA, in agreement with guidelines indicating that multiple tests are required to identify APS.