尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物系统对骨巨细胞瘤细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制物-3表达的影响

目的:研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其受体(uPAR)信号转导对骨巨细胞瘤基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制物-3(TIMP-3)的调节。方法:用免疫组化检测骨巨细胞瘤组织中uPAR、MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达。用免疫共沉淀法检测uPA对瘤细胞信号转导通路的p44蛋白磷酸化水平。用蛋白印迹法检测用uPA和uPAR抗体处理后瘤细胞MMP-2和TIMP-3蛋白表达。结果:(1)uPAR主要表达在部分单核基质细胞和一些多核巨细胞的胞膜上;(2)MMP-2主要表达在瘤细胞的胞浆,在多核巨细胞,其表达有明显的极向性;(3)在骨巨细胞瘤组织TIMP-3表达量低于MMP-2,在多核巨细胞也显示极向性表达;(4)将uPA-ATF加入培养的骨巨细胞瘤细胞后,细胞信号通路上的p44蛋白磷酸化水平明显增高。用uPAR抗体处理后,细胞p44蛋白磷酸化水平明显降低。说明uPA-ATF参与细胞信号转导,而且受uPAR拮抗剂的影响;(5)uPA-ATF信号通路上调MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达,而uPAR抗体则下调MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达。结论:本实验首次直接证明uPA-ATF通过信号转导能调节MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达,而后者则在骨巨细胞瘤局部骨质吸收中起重要作用。     

胎儿泌尿系畸形介入性产前诊断

目的探讨胎儿泌尿系畸形的发生与染色体异常、宫内感染的关系.方法在超声介导下对56例泌尿系畸形胎儿抽取脐带血行染色体核型分析,同时采用多聚酶联反应 (polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法检测TORCH宫内感染.结果①5例胎儿染色体异常,染色体异常率为8.93%,除1例异常核型为单纯泌尿系畸形外,其余4例均合并有其他器官异常;②胎儿脐血检测发现巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染5例,风疹病毒(rubella virus,RV)感染2例,弓形体(toxoplasma,TOX)感染2例,单纯疱疹病毒 (herpes simplex virus,HSV)感染2例,宫内TORCH感染发生率为19.64%.结论染色体异常是引起胎儿泌尿系畸形的重要原因之一,对所有泌尿系统畸形胎儿应行染色体核型分析;而某些宫内感染,尤其是CMV感染,可能引发胎儿泌尿系统畸形.     

Effects of ruthenium red on membrane ionic currents in urinary bladder smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig

 Three major ionic currents, Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ current (I _K-Ca), delayed rectifier type K⁺ current (I _kd) and Ca²⁺ current (I _Ca), were activated by depolarization under whole-cell clamp in single smooth muscle cells isolated from guinea-pig urinary bladder. Externally applied ruthenium red (RuR) reduced the amplitude of I _K-Ca and I _Ca at 0 mV (IC₅₀ values were 4.2 and 5.6 μM, respectively), but did not affect I _Kd. Spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) and caffeine-induced outward currents (I _caf) at –30 mV were reduced by external 10 μM RuR. When 10 μM RuR was added to the pipette solution, I _K-Ca during depolarization, STOCs and I _caf significantly decreased with time. RuR did not change the unitary current amplitude of the large-conductance Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ (BK) channels, but reduced the open probability of the channel under excised patch-clamp recording mode. RuR reduced the channel activity more effectively from the cytosolic face than from the other. This inhibition decreased when the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration was increased. These results indicate that RuR blocks BK and Ca²⁺ channels in urinary bladder smooth muscle cells. The decrease in I _K-Ca, STOCs and I _caf by RuR is attributable to the direct inhibition of BK channel activity, probably in addition to the inhibition of Ca²⁺ release from storage sites. The direct inhibition of BK channel activity by RuR may be related to the interaction of RuR with the Ca²⁺-binding sites of the channel protein. Received: 15 October 1997 / Received after revision and accepted: 25 November 1997     

糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨糖尿病患者合并尿路感染的病原菌分布和耐药性,指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法回顾性分析2003年1月￣2005年9月81例2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者细菌学培养及病原菌的菌群分布和耐药性。结果①740例糖尿病患者中合并尿路感染的81例,尿路感染发生率占10.95%,其中女性占82.7%,年龄60岁以上占65.4%;②细菌学检查率为77.8%,尿细菌培养阳性率为44.4%,尿细菌培养阴性率为33.4%;③尿细菌培养阳性36例,G-菌株占65.8%,大肠杆菌占52.6%,G 菌株占28.9%,粪肠球菌及葡萄球菌属各占10.5%,真菌2株占5.3%;④大肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素、头孢噻吩、培氟沙星、复方新诺明、阿莫西林/棒酸耐药率较高,粪肠球菌对喹诺酮类及四环素耐药率较高,葡萄球菌属对青霉素G、头孢唑啉、复方新诺明、红霉素、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林/棒酸、左氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、庆大霉素耐药率较高。结论糖尿病患者由于免疫力低下,局部组织结构功能受损易于被病原菌侵袭和繁殖,故合并尿路感染应重视病原菌及其耐药性检测,对控制尿路感染、合理使用抗生素十分重要。     

Responses of sacral visceral afferents from the lower urinary tract,colon and anus to mechanical stimulation

The discharge characteristics of sacral visceral afferents supplying the urinary bladder, urethra, colon and anus to mechanical stimuli were analyzed in the anaesthetized cat. The stimuli used were passive distension (urinary bladder, colon), isovolumetric contraction (urinary bladder), movements of the urethral catheter and mechanical shearing stimuli (mucosal skin of the anal canal). (1) In total 245 afferent units which projected in the pelvic nerve were isolated from the sacral dorsal roots. From one of the following organs, urinary bladder, colon, urethra and anus 117 afferent units were activated. By these stimuli from the bladder, urethra and anus 122 afferent units could not be activated, and as far as tested also not from the colon; in 6 afferent units the classification was unclear. (2) Afferent units from the urinary bladder and the colon responded consistently to passive distension of the respective organ. The units from the urinary bladder showed graded responses at intraluminal pressures of about 10–70 mm Hg and responded also to isovolumetric contractions of the organ. The thresholds of the units from the bladder to passive distension and contraction varied from about 5 to 20 mm Hg intravesical pressure. (3) The afferent units from the urethra and the anus did not react or showed some weak phasic and irregular responses to distension and contraction applied to the urinary bladder or to distension of the colon. They were consistently excited by low threshold mechanical stimulation of the urethra and anus, respectively. (4) The axons from the bladder, urethra and anus were presumably myelinated (conduction velocity above 2 m/s) and conducted at 10.3±6.1 m/s (n=34, mean±SD), 26.3±9.3 m/s (n=13) and 9.5±5.1 m/s (n=37), respectively. The axons from the colon conducted at about 0.5 to 16 m/s (n=20), 13 of them conducting at less than 2 m/s. About 75% of the axons which could not be activated by mechanical stimulation of the visceral organs were presumably unmyelinated (conduction velocity below 2 m/s). (5) Some ongoing activity was found in 9 out of 26 afferent units from the anus but, with one exception, the afferent units from the bladder, urethra and colon were silent. (6) It is concluded that the pelvic afferent units from the urinary bladder, urethra, colon and anus consist of distinct populations with characteristic response patterns. There is no indication from this investigation that the urinary bladder is supplied by sacral afferents which are only recruited at high intravesical pressures during passive distension and isovolumetric contractions and which are possibly associated with pain.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Morphofunctional ontogeny of the urinary system of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are euryhaline fish that tolerate wide salinity fluctuations owing to several morphofunctional adaptations. Among the osmoregulatory sites (tegument, branchial chambers, digestive tract, urinary system), little is known about the kidney and the urinary bladder. The present study describes the ontogeny of the urinary system (kidney and urinary bladder) and focuses on the progressive expression of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in the cells of these ion-transporting epithelia. A structural approach has shown that two pronephric urinary tubules are already present at hatching while the urinary bladder starts to differentiate. The glomus, an ultrafiltration site, occurs at day 5 (D5). The opisthonephros differentiates at D19/25 from the pronephric collecting tubules, then it rapidly grows longer and becomes folded. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase immunolocalization and transmission electron microscopy show that ionocyte-like cells line the urinary tubules and the dorsal wall of the urinary bladder from D2/D5 on. Tubule ionocytes present a basolateral-localized fluorescence. Ionocytes of the collecting ducts and of the dorsal wall of the bladder present a fluorescence distributed in the whole cytoplasm. Fluorescence becomes stronger in later stages, suggesting a progressively increasing functionality of the urinary system in active ion transports. This observation is closely correlated with the ontogeny of osmoregulatory abilities. In juvenile and preadult fish kept in seawater, osmolality measurements demonstrate that urine is isotonic to blood. At low salinity, urine is hypotonic to blood in both stages. The capacity to produce hypotonic urine increases during ontogeny, a fact that suggests an increasing involvement of the urinary system in osmoregulation. The occurrence and the progressive functionality of the urinary system during the ontogeny, along with those of other osmoregulatory sites, are major adaptations allowing the sea bass to live in habitats of variable salinity such as lagoons and estuaries.     

膀胱抗菌机制—粘膜抗菌蛋白初步研究

本文报道以１％乙酸冲洗雌性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠膀胱和雌性新西兰白兔膀胱，分别获得其膀胱酸溶性提取物。ＡＵ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明，两种膀胱粘膜酸溶性提取物都有十余条主蛋白带，而不含常见的杀菌物质溶菌酶和防御素样分子。琼脂糖弥散法杀菌试验显示，两种膀胱粘膜酸溶性提取物对致病性大肠杆菌ＭＬ－３５ｐ耐药株都有杀菌活性。进一步采用电泳凝胶琼脂糖弥散法杀菌试验分析，结果表明大鼠膀胱粘膜酸溶性提取物中有两条蛋白带具明显的杀菌活性，我们称这两条蛋白带为ＲａｔＢＰ－１和ＲａｔＢＰ－２。而兔膀胱粘膜酸溶性提取物的杀菌活性亦与两条被称为ＲａｂＢＰ－１和ＲａｂＢＰ－２的蛋白带相关。本文首次提示，在膀胱粘膜内存在抗菌蛋白，可能是膀胱粘膜杀菌作用的分子基础。     

Chondroma of the bladder

 This case report describes a chondroma of the bladder in a 63-year-old woman with clinical complaints of pain in the left fossa iliaca. The lesion was a tumour with a lobulated growth pattern composed of chondrocytes embedded in a chondroid matrix. Neither mitotic figures nor increased cellularity were present. Nuclei were inconspicuous. Immunohistochemical examination showed reactivity for S100 and vimentin. Received: 22 April 1997 / Accepted: 25 August 1997     

The early phase of experimental acute renal failure

Experiments were conducted to establish whether diminished solute reabsorption in the loop of Henle during acute renal failure could explain the loss of urinary concentration and participate in generating a tubuloglomerular feedback-mediated reduction in filtration rate. The electrolyte content of the fluid in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle was determined in situ by monitoring its electrical conductivity after propulsion into the distal tubule with a sudden burst perfusion. The value of the minimum electrolyte concentration decreased exponentially with increasing equilibration time, reaching a steady-state value equivalent to 27±9 mM NaCl in normal kidneys, 34±15 mM in mercuric chloride kidneys and 53±22 mM following ischaemia. A mathematical model was derived to describe the process of sodium chloride dilution from which it was possible to calculate both the permeability and transport velocity of the cortical thick ascending limb. In the normal kidney, the transport velocity was calculated to be 4.65±0.92 ·10^–5 cm/s, a value not significantly different from that of the mercuric chloride or ischaemic kidneys, and the estimated permeability was 1.13±0.52·10^–5 cm/s, not different from that of the mercuric chloride kidneys but significantly lower than that calculated for the ischaemic kidneys. It is concluded that for the more severely damaged ischaemic model, the loss of urinary concentrating ability was accompanied by a reduction in diluting ability of the ascending limb of the short loop of Henle, which appears to be due, at least in part, to an elevation of the passive permeability to sodium chloride in this segment.     

血管内皮损伤标志物在2型糖尿病患者中的变化

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(DM)患者血管内皮损伤标志物的变化。方法:分别测定89例2型DM患者和76例正常对照者血浆可溶性血管内皮细胞蛋白C受体(sEPCR),血管性血友病因子(v WF)和可溶性血栓调节蛋白(sTM),并测定DM患者24h尿白蛋白排泄(UAE),根据尿UAE水平和病程分组进行比较分析。结果:2型DM患者血浆sEPCR、v WF及sTM水平高于正常对照组(P<0.05),并且与其尿UAE水平和病程呈显著正相关。结论:血浆sEPCR、v WF及sTM水平可作为观察2型DM并发血管病变以及严重程度的指标。