辣椒素对慢性脊髓损伤大鼠排尿功能的影响

目的：明确辣椒素对正常大鼠和慢性脊髓损伤(SCI)大鼠排尿功能的影响和作用的可能机制。方法：建立SCI的动物模型，实验大鼠和正常大鼠分别全身给药或膀胱内灌注辣椒素，记录膀胱内压力变化图(CMG)和尿道外括约肌肌电图(EUS-EMG)的改变。结果：正常大鼠辣椒素全身用药后出现非排尿性膀胱收缩，排尿效率下降，但排尿压不受影响。膀胱内灌注辣椒素亦会导致排尿效率降低而不影响排尿压。SCI大鼠全身用药后非排尿性膀胱收缩消失，残余尿量减少，排尿压下降，但排尿效率提高，膀胱内用药则可完全阻断排尿反射。结论：对辣椒素敏感的膀胱感觉传入神经参与正常大鼠和SCI大鼠的排尿反射。对正常大鼠起稳定膀胱逼尿肌的作用，而对SCI大鼠则是引起膀胱灌注时非排尿性收缩的原因，因此，阻滞感觉传入神经纤维是治疗SCI后膀胱高反射的有效方法。     

Prejunctional effects of muscarinic agonists on 3H-acetylcholine release in the rat urinary bladder strip

Summary The inhibitory effects of some muscarinic agonists on tritiated acetylcholine release evoked by field stimulation were investigated in the rat urinary bladder strip. The acetylcholine stores of the preparation were labelled with ³H-choline. Electrical field stimulation caused an outflow of tritium, reflecting the release of ³H-acetylcholine. The release of ³H-acetylcholine was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by all the agonists tested: oxotremorine, muscarone, muscarine, carbachol and methylfurtrethonium. On the contrary, only muscarine and muscarone enhanced the basal efflux of tritium in a concentration-dependent fashion. Concentration-response curves were determined both at 2 Hz and at 1 Hz by using intermittent administration of the drugs. Maximal depression in release (by 78 – 82%) was observed in experiments at 1 Hz. A similar inhibition was obtained at 2 Hz frequency only when a low concentration of calcium (0.6 mM) in the medium was used. Oxotremorine was the most potent among the tested compounds with the same intrinsic activity as the other drugs. In contrast to the other agonists investigated, oxotremorine showed in about 10-fold greater potency at pre- than at postjunctional muscarine receptors in the rat urinary bladder. This difference might depend either on heterogeneity of muscarine receptors or on different mechanism(s) relating to the transducing properties of receptors at the pre- and postjunctional level. A comparison between the relative prejunctional potencies in the rat urinary bladder and in the guinea pig myenteric plexus (data from the literature) suggests that prejunctional muscarine receptors are similar in these tissues. Furthermore, the findings obtained with a low concentration of calcium in the medium may support the view that intraneuronal availability of calcium plays a significant role in modulating the prejunctional negative feed-back mechanism in the rat urinary bladder.Send offprint requests to Dr. G. D'Agostino at the above address     

Continence interval in elderly incontinent men

Urinary incontinence is a serious management problem among elderly patients. The care and management of chronic care patients is more difficult in those having urinary incontinence. The level of care required is dependent on both the continence and incontinence behavior of the patient. The continence behavior in this study is presented as the time interval between episodes of involuntary urine loss. The continence interval in elderly inpatient men having severe incontinence was found to be significantly longer in patients having a larger measured cystometric bladder capacity as well as in patients having greater independence in activities of daily living. Significant variability in the continence interval was measured for each patient over a wide range of continence intervals and resulted in an irregular pattern of time between episodes of incontinence. The irregular continence intervals suggest an instability of the central nervous system sensory-motor regulatory mechanism of bladder control in the elderly.     

钬激光腔内治疗泌尿系结石(附126例报告)

目的：探讨泌尿系结石腔内钬激光治疗效果及安全性。方法：总结钬激光结合腔内泌尿外科技术治疗126例泌尿系结石的临床资料。结果：5例肾结石和11例膀胱结石，均一次碎石成功，109例输尿管结石，单次碎石率为96.3%(105/109)，复杂结石1例数次行输尿管腔镜下碎石。平均结石排净时间2.8周，平均手术时间30min，平均术后住院2d。术中除1例输尿管穿孔外，无其他并发症。结论：钬激光结合腔内泌尿外科技术治疗泌尿系结石，是一种较新的、安全的、有效的方法。     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of seven 50 mg and 100 mg nitrofurantoin tablets

Four 50 mg and three 100 mg marketed nitrofurantoin tablets were studied in 14 healthy male subjects. Urine was collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 23 h after each dose, and nitrofurantoin was assayed by HPLC. The in vitro dissolution of the tablets was determined using USP Apparatus 1 and 2, with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and pH 7.2 buffer as the dissolution fluids. One of the 50 mg tablets was more rapidly and completely absorbed than the other six products. The incidence of side-effects for this product was as low or lower than the other products. It was determined that the use of the USP Apparatus 1, at 100 rev min-1, with sampling of the pH 7.2 fluid at 30 min, provided for the best overall relationship between the urinary excretion and in vitro dissolution.     

育龄妇女、孕妇及乳母碘营养状况调查

目的 了解缺碘地区食用合格碘盐的育龄妇女和孕妇及乳母碘营养状况。方法 对病区育龄妇女和孕妇及乳母进行观察。采用酸消化砷铈接触法及全定量直接滴定法分别检测尿碘，乳碘和盐碘含量。结果 育龄妇女和孕妇及乳母尿碘含量分别为219.37μg/L，203.98μg/L，178.55μg/L，尿碘值小于100μg/L占24.14%，三组人群尿碘水平依次降低，但差异未显示统计学意义；乳碘值为122.72μg/L，小于100μg/L达33.93%，提示应关注特需人群的碘营养问题。结论 应开展对育龄妇女和孕妇及乳母的尿碘监测。以指导合理补碘，防止胎儿和婴幼儿碘营养不良的发生。     

泌尿系感染病原菌的变迁及耐药性分析

目的了解近年来泌尿系感染病原菌的变迁及耐药现状. 方法应用回顾性调查分析方法,对我院1997至2000年间泌尿系感染检测的1 026株病原菌的分布及耐药性进行统计分析. 结果在泌尿系感染的病原菌中,G+球菌上升,G-杆菌下降,真菌上升,其中粪肠球菌上升和变形菌属下降差异有显著性(P<0.05),药敏实验结果对以往常用的抗菌药物青霉素类、复方新诺明、红霉素、诺氟沙星及一代头孢显示较高的耐药性,2000年耐药率>81.6%,对三代头孢、环丙沙星、庆大霉素呈中度耐药,耐药率在42.9%～78.3%,对阿米卡星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦呈轻度耐药,耐药率<36.7%. 结论随着抗生素的更新换代、人口老龄化及医院感染等因素的变化,泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性均发生了变迁.     

Spermidine/Spermine N-Acetyltransferase, a New Biochemical Marker for Epithelial Proliferation in Rat Bladder

We examined the activity of spermidine/spermine N ¹-acetyltransferase (SAT), a rate-limiting enzyme of the biodegradation of polyamines, in N -butyl- N -(4–hydroxybutyI)nitrosamine-induced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and melamine-induced papillomatosis of rat bladder, and compared the activity to that of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Both activities were higher in both lesions than in control rats. The difference between SAT and ODC activities in cancerous tissue and papillomatosis was not significant. Cells stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were abundant in papillomatosis. TCC had areas with much PCNA. The results indicated that an elevation of SAT activity occurs in both reversible and irreversible proliferation of bladder epithelium and could be important in bladder carcinogenesis.     

图像分析DNA含量对判断膀胱移行细胞癌分级和预后的意义

采用IBAS图像分析系统检测37例膀胱移行细胞癌病人的肿瘤细胞DNA含量，其中35例随访18个月至7年（平均5l个月），结果显示DNA含量和AN出现率增加与肿瘤的恶性程度有关（P＜0.01和P＜0.05）；肿瘤复发亦与非整倍体细胞（AN）出现率密切相关，AN出现率小于10％无复发，＜30％5例复发，＞30％9例复发。研究资料表明，图像分析技术测定细胞核的DNA含量对判断膀胱移行细胞癌病人的分级和预后有重要意义。     

Effect of dipyridamole with or without aspirin on urine protein excretion in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis

Summary The antiproteinuric effect of the antiplatelet agent dipyridamole has been assessed after inhibiton of thromboxane B₂ (TxB₂) synthesis in 8 patients with confirmed membranous glomerulonephritis. There were three study periods, each of 30 days, and 45 days apart, namely a washout period, treatment with dipyridamole 300 mg/d, and dipyridamole 225 mg/d plus aspirin 150 mg/d. On Days 1 and 30 of each study period serum and urine creatinine, 24-h excretion of protein, creatinine clearance, platelet aggregometry on whole blood and serum TxB₂ were measured. Treatment with dipyridamole alone or with aspirin produced significant inhibition of platelet aggregation and a fall in 24-h protein excretion; the latter amounted to 54% with dipyridamole alone and 56 % with dipyridamole plus aspirin (NS). Dipyridamole plus aspirin caused an 82 % reduction in serum TxB₂.