皮质下缺血性脑血管病的临床特征及其认知损害的危险因素

目的观察皮质下缺血性脑血管病（SIVD）患者的临床特征,分析确定SIVD患者认知损害的危险因素。方法根据Erkinjuntti提出的MRI诊断标准入选SIVD患者70例,根据神经心理学评估分为认知正常（NCI）组和血管性认知损害（VCI）组;详细记录其血管性危险因素、症状和体征,应用单因素和多因素Logistic逐步回归进行分析。结果多数（81.4%）患者表现为肢体肌力减退,其次为步态不稳和构音障碍（分别为40.0%、20.0%）,但症状较轻;饮水呛咳和尿失禁各占14.3%。50例（71.4%）患者可检出上运动神经元受损体征;假性延髓麻痹和锥体外系体征者分别为10例、7例（14.3%、10.0%）,共济失调步态异常者仅5例（7.1%）。NCI组和VCI组患者在年龄、性别和受教育年限方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;VCI组患者高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症的发生率明显高于NCI组（P〈0.05）,贫血、饮酒和吸烟史在两组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。非条件Logistic逐步回归分析仅证实有高血压、糖尿病的SIVD患者更易出现认知损害（P〈0.05）,其OR值分别为5.265（1.563,17.731）,3.445（1.008,11.772）,高脂血症〔OR3.649（0.974,11.466）;P=0.027〕对SIVD患者出现认知损害所起的作用尚不能明确。结论年龄可能并不是SIVD认知损害的危险因素;SIVD认知损害的危险因素可能为高血压、糖尿病,而高脂血症与SIVD认知损害的关系尚不确定。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案的研究

目的探讨科学、可行的家属参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期活动方案。方法在文献回顾、半结构式访谈的基础上,基于互动式患者参与患者安全理论框架,初步形成急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案。通过19名专家进行2轮德尔菲法专家咨询,修订急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案。结果 2轮专家咨询的问卷回收率分别为89.47%和100%,专家权威系数为0.786和0.797。最终形成的急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案包括决策性参与、照护性参与、诉求性参与及安全保障方案4项一级指标,二级指标8项,三级指标29项。结论患者家属参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期活动方案的制订可提高家属对患者活动的关注与支持,对促进卒中患者康复有积极作用。     

前房穿刺减压术处理急性闭角型青光眼急性发作

目的 探讨前房穿刺减压术对处理急性闭角型青光眼急性发作的疗效。方法 对7例7眼急性闭角型青光眼急性发作患者(术前眼压平均65mmHg)在应用常规药物治疗未能有效降低眼压后,于1％丁卡因表麻下,在裂隙灯下用一次性无菌5号针头于角膜周边6°处穿刺前房,放出房水至眼球变软后退针。结果 所有病例经穿刺减压后眼压即刻降下,术后平均眼压25mmHg,角膜迅速变透明,病人症状缓解。术中病人无痛苦,未发现并发症。5例5眼穿刺后约5-8小时眼压再次升高,遂再次放液。结论 前房穿刺减压术是一种有效、安全、简单的紧急处理急性闭角型青光眼急性发作的手段,避免了大量应用常规降眼压药物可能引起的副作用,为后续治疗创造了有利的条件。房水产生过多,可能是一些患者眼压控制不良的重要原因之一。     

Middle Lobe Syndrome in Children with Asthma: Review of 56 Cases

Objective. Middle lobe syndrome (MLS) is one of the complications of asthma. Its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, causing delay in appropriate treatment. We aimed to review our pediatric asthmatic patients and provide differential characteristics between MLS and asthma worsening in order to target early diagnosis. Method. File records of all asthmatics (n = 3528) seen in our clinic during the last 2 years were retrospectively reviewed to identify the patients with MLS, and a case‐control study was undertaken. Files of 56 asthmatic children diagnosed as MLS, with a total of 63 episodes, and 63 matched controls with asthma worsening were analyzed and compared. Results. The incidence of MLS was 1.62% and half were below or at the age of 6. All cases with MLS were documented radiologically, and only 5 of the 63 episodes had physical findings suspicious for MLS. The most affected segments were right middle lobe (50%) and left lingula (26.2%). Although in all cases symptoms cleared, in 23 (36.5%) cases, atelectasis persisted radiologically. Compared to controls, patients with MLS included less atopics (34.9% vs. 59.4%, p < 0.05) and fewer boys (52.4% vs. 71.4%, p < 0.05), and they reported less frequent dyspnea (57.1% vs. 85.9%), more frequent sputum production (49.2% vs. 7.8%), and longer duration of complaints (22.0 ± 6.23 vs. 2.4 ± 0.31 days) (p < 0.001, for each). Furthermore, the resolution of symptoms took significantly longer (45.2 ± 9.3 vs. 3.3 ± 0.4 days, p < 0.001). Conclusion. We conclude that complicating MLS in childhood asthma is more frequent in younger ages, girls, and nonatopics. In most cases, physical findings are not informative, and chest radiographs diagnose most but not all cases. The most suggestive symptoms are unresolving/persisting symptoms during admission and/or following treatment.     

Japan II: Physicians Prosper From Volume, 3rd Party Fees

Abstract

Stroke is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients in the United States. A proper understanding of stroke mechanisms helps to guide specific case management. The only therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of acute ischemic stroke is initiation of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of symptom onset. Other treatment options include intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, mechanical thrombectomy, clot retrieval, or a combination of these approaches. In this article, we provide an evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach for acute ischemic stroke, including recognizing common stroke mimics. We detail the initial medical management of acute stroke and the medical and surgical therapeutic interventions for patients who have sustained acute ischemic stroke.     

激光周边虹膜成形术治疗急性发作的PACG

目的：探讨倍频532激光周边虹膜成形术在患者不适合用抗青光眼药物的情况下,治疗急性发作期原发性闭角型青光眼(primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG)的安全性及有效性。

方法：患者13例13眼应用4g/L盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液表面麻醉后立即行倍频532nm激光周边虹膜成形术。术前及术后15,30,60min测量眼压。

结果：患者眼压：虹膜成形术前平均60.6±8.8mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),术后15min下降至平均37.4±7.3mmHg,术后30min平均26.2±6.6mmHg,术后60min平均17.1±5.3mmHg。所有患眼角膜水肿全部消退,无严重并发症出现。

结论：倍频532激光周边虹膜成形术治疗急性发作期PACG安全、有效,可作为治疗首选。     

抗心磷脂抗体与缺血性卒中的研究进展

抗心磷脂抗体是抗磷脂抗体综合征的标志性抗体，与血栓形成和缺血性卒中密切相关。与抗磷脂抗体阴性的脑梗死患者相比，抗磷脂抗体阳性相关的脑梗死患者以青年女性居多，梗死部位多为多灶性，更容易复发，而且血管内膜内的斑块多为低回声斑块。抗心磷脂抗体与血脂、纤维蛋白原、肿瘤坏死因子水平均有一定相关性，并且抗心磷脂抗体滴度升高可能与患者自身免疫因素相关。在治疗上应以抗凝为主。     

血管内支架成形术治疗症状性弓上颅外动脉狭窄9例

 目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗症状性弓上颅外动脉狭窄的临床效果和安全性.方法 应用血管内支架成形术治疗症状性弓上血管狭窄9例.结果 治疗狭窄动脉10支,狭窄程度均明显改善,狭窄程度由原来的(81.4±14.11)%下降至(4.9±3.73)%,无死亡病例,术后患者症状均明显改善,无围术期并发症.随访1～8个月,颈动脉超声检查治疗血管无再狭窄.结论 血管内支架成形术治疗症状性弓上颅外动脉狭窄具有安全性高、临床效果好的特点,但由于例数较少,缺乏长期随访效果,值得进一步随访研究.     

进展性缺血性脑卒中患者CRP、FIB、HCY等水平的研究

目的：探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中的发生是否与患者的血脂、血糖、同型半胱氨酸、纤维蛋白原及C反应蛋白等水平有关。方法整群收集了2009年9月—2012年9月该院收治的239例进展性缺血性脑卒中患者组成治疗组,并选择同期非进展性缺血性脑卒中239例对照患者的临床资料为对照组,对研究对象的血糖、血脂、纤维蛋白原、同型半胱氨酸水平等结果进行系统的研究,并与非进展性缺血性脑卒中相对比。结果进展组与非进展组两组患者血糖、血脂、CRP、FIB、HCY等比较,P均＞0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论进展性缺血性脑卒中的发生与患者的血糖、血脂、纤维蛋白原、同型半胱氨酸水平等无相关性。