硬膜外自控镇痛在子宫动脉栓塞术治疗子宫腺肌病中的应用

目的：探讨病人硬膜外自控镇痛（patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)在子宫动脉栓塞术（uterine arterial embolization,UAE)治疗子宫腺肌病中的应用。方法：选择75例行UAE治疗子宫腺肌病的患者，随机分成3组，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组术前开始予自自控镇痛24小时，予相同的镇痛模型，两种不同的药物配伍：罗哌卡配伍吗啡为Ⅰ组（n＝30），罗哌卡因，吗啡配伍氟哌啶为Ⅱ组（n=30)，Ⅲ组术后自觉疼痛时予传统的肌注四氢巴马汀（颅痛定）或盐酸哌盐啶（n=15)，比较三组术中和术后24小时内的镇痛效果。不良反应安全性。结果：PCEAⅠ组、Ⅱ组的镇痛效果优于Ⅲ组，结合不良反应其临床疗效为：Ⅱ组＞Ⅰ组＞Ⅲ组。结论：UAE治疗子宫腺肌病术中应用PCEA镇痛效果好，不良反应小，舒适。安全。     

Randomized study of intravenous fluid preload before epidural analgesia during labour

We performed a randomized controlled trial of the effect ofintravenous fluid preload on maternal hypotension and fetalheart rate (FHR) changes in labour after the first epiduralinjection. Group 1 (49 women) received 1 litre of crystalloidpreload. Group 2 (46 women) received no preload. No statisticallysignificant difference was shown between the two groups foreither of the outcomes. Hypotension was found in three womenin group 1 and five in group 2 (P=0.4). Deterioration in FHRpattern was found in four women in group 1 and 11 in group 2(P=0.08). This study has not shown a significant increase inthe incidence of hypotension when intravenous preload is omittedbefore epidural analgesia using a low concentration of bupivacaineduring labour. Because of the clinical importance of the differencein the rate of FHR deterioration between the two groups, wecontinue to administer preload for high-risk cases. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 311–3 Footnotes ^* Correspondingauthor     

Transcatheter arterial embolization for bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma

The objective of this study was to determine which of the following three methods is the most effective for the treatment of bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE); combination of TAE and external radiotherapy; or external radiotherapy alone. Thirty-nine metastatic bone lesions from HCC in 33 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Each lesion underwent either TAE alone (group A, n = 11), TAE followed by radiotherapy (group B, n = 17), or radiotherapy alone (group C, n = 11). They were evaluated on the following subjects: pain relief; improvement of daily activities; and complications. Each treatment was effective for pain relief (89-94%) and improvement of daily activities (73-82%). The mean time interval from the beginning of each treatment to the onset of initial pain relief was 4.7 days in group A, 4.8 days in group B, and 15 days in group C. Recurrence of the pain after the initial pain relief was noted in 75% in group A, 20% in group B, and 88% in group C. Pyrexia and local pain commonly occurred after TAE. In conclusion, TAE is effective in relieving pain immediately and in improving the patients' daily activities. The combination of TAE and radiotherapy is recommended for permanent pain relief.     

Inclusion of lignocaine base into a polar lipid formulation--in vitro release, duration of peripheral nerve block and arterial blood concentrations in the rat

BACKGROUND: Slow-release formulations of local anaesthetics may produce nerve blocks of long duration. The present study aimed at investigating the in vitro and in vivo properties of a polar lipid formulation for slow release of lignocaine and the effects on nerve block duration by inclusion of dexamethasone into the system. METHODS: In vitro release of lignocaine from the lipid formulation was studied in a US Pharmacopoeia rotating apparatus. Sciatic nerve blocks were induced in rats by 0.1 ml of test formulations containing lignocaine HCl 20 mg. ml-1 in aqueous solution, lignocaine base 20, 100 or 200 mg. ml-1 in lipid formulation or the last formulation with dexamethasone 0.05, 0.5 or 5 mg. ml-1. The durations of sensory and motor block and the arterial blood concentrations of lignocaine were investigated. RESULTS: In vitro there was a sustained release of lignocaine from the lipid formulation, with 50% release at around 48 h. In vivo lignocaine base 20 mg. ml-1 in lipid formulation produced sciatic nerve blocks of significantly shorter duration than lignocaine HCl 20 mg. ml-1 in aqueous solution, while lignocaine base 100 and 200 mg. ml-1 in lipid formulation produced blocks lasting two and three times longer, respectively, than the lignocaine HCl solution. Addition of dexamethasone did not affect the duration of nerve block. Following administration of lignocaine base 200 mg. ml-1 in lipid formulation, as compared to lignocaine HCl 20 mg. ml-1 in aqueous solution, the maximal blood concentration of lignocaine was only three times higher in spite of the ten-fold difference in dose, and the mean terminal half-life was three times longer, reflecting the slow release from the formulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that lignocaine base in polar lipids acts as a slow-release preparation of local anaesthetic both in vitro and in vivo.     

The effect of draw-up volume on the accuracy of electrolyte measurements from neonatal arterial lines

OBJECTIVES: Contamination by infusate of blood samples withdrawn from arterial lines has been recognized but not well documented for neonates. The aim of this study was to investigate, using in vitro and in vivo studies, the effects of different draw-up volumes (withdrawn from the line prior to the sample being taken) on the concentration of sodium. METHODS: In-vitro study: The tip of an umbilical artery catheter (dead space 0.6 mL), infused with half normal saline containing 1 unit/mL of heparin was placed in a beaker of normal saline. The line was flushed with 1 mL of this infusate just before each sample was taken. Volumes from 0.5 mL to 2.0 mL of infusate/normal saline were withdrawn in 0.1 mL increments from a three-way tap and discarded. A sample was then taken from the line into a blood gas syringe for analysis of the sodium concentration by the 860 Blood Gas Analyzer (Chiron Diagnostics, Bayer, Scoresby). Control samples were taken from the beaker. In-vivo study: A 22 gauge intravenous catheter was inserted into a vein of an adult male volunteer. The dead space was also 0.6 mL. The line was flushed with 5 mL of half-normal saline immediately before sampling. Draw-up volumes of 0.6, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.6 mL were withdrawn and discarded. 10 mL was used as a control. A 0.5-mL blood sample was then taken and the electrolyte concentrations analysed immediately. RESULTS: In-vitro: A minimum draw-up volume of 1.3 mL was required before the sodium concentration was not significantly different from the control samples. In-vivo: A minimum draw-up volume of 1.6 mL was required before the sodium concentration was not significantly different from the control samples. There were similar trends in the effect of draw-up volume for glucose, calcium, potassium, chloride and lactate. CONCLUSION:: A minimum volume of 1.6 mL should be withdrawn from neonatal arterial lines (dead space 0.6 mL) before taking blood for analysis.     

部分脾栓塞在肝癌伴脾亢介入治疗中的应用

目的：对原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进患者行部分脾栓塞，使其血细胞恢复正常，以便能进一步行肝动脉化疗。方法：对46例不能手术切除、且血细胞明显低于正常的肝癌伴脾亢的患者行部分脾栓塞术，栓塞面积控制在50%～70%。结果：脾栓塞术后血白细胞和血小板均较栓塞前明显升高。结论：部分脾栓塞能治疗脾功能亢进，提高血细胞数量，使肝癌伴脾亢患者的肝动脉化疗能正常进行。     

参麦注射液治疗慢性肺心病的临床观察

[目的]探讨参麦注射液对慢性肺心病患者血液流变学及动脉血气的影响。[方法]选取慢性肺心病患者80例,随机分为2组:参麦组和对照组。分别在治疗前后测定血液流变学指标、动脉血气及住院时间,对两组结果进行比较。[结果]参麦组血液流变学指标均较对照组明显降低(P<0.05);动脉血气提示参麦组较对照组明显改善(P<0.05);参麦组住院时间较对照组缩短(P<0.05)。[结论]参麦注射液能通过降低血粘度,改善动脉血气指标,从而促进病人康复。     

经导管介入治疗室间隔缺损的现状及进展

室间隔缺损(VSD)是新生儿期最常见的先天性心脏病。后天性VSD少见,主要见于外伤引起的室间隔破裂和急性心肌梗死导致的室间隔穿孔。传统的治疗方法是外科手术,随着介入器材及技术的不断发展,介入治疗VSD已成为可行的治疗方法。现就近年来VSD介入治疗的现状及进展予以综述。     

小儿川崎病冠状动脉病变的超声表现

目的探讨超声心动图对川崎病冠状动脉病变诊断的应用价值。方法对50例川崎病患儿进行超声心动图检查，测量冠状动脉内径，观察冠状动脉的变化。结果50例川崎病患儿中17例有冠状动脉扩张，其中冠状动脉扩张≤mm的12例，〉4mm的5例；2例合并管壁增厚，3例合并少量心包积液，5例合并二尖瓣轻度反流；另无冠状动脉病变的患儿中有3例单纯二尖瓣轻度反流。结论超声心动图是检查川崎病冠状动脉病变的有效方法。     

Effects of oxygen and nitric oxide in oxygen on pulmonary arterial pressures of children with congenital cardiac defects

Inhaled nitric oxide is a specific pulmonary vasodilator. This study was undertaken to assess the effect on pulmonary arterial pressure of administering 100% oxygen compared with nitric oxide in oxygen. Thirteen mechanically ventilated children undergoing routine cardiac catheterization for the investigation of congenital heart disease were studied. Pulmonary arterial pressures were measured during inhalation of 30% oxygen (baseline), 100% oxygen, and nitric oxide (40 parts per million) in oxygen. In addition, in six children the pulmonary/systemic blood flow ratio and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated using oxygen content, an assumed value for oxygen uptake, and the Fick principle. Results were compared using analysis of variance and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Pulmonary arterial pressure decreased from a mean value of 29.5 mmHg (SD 15.1) to 25.6 mmHg (SD 9.3), p= 0.048, after increasing the inspired oxygen fraction from 0.3 to 1.0. The addition of nitric oxide caused a further reduction to 22.9 mmHg (SD 7.9), p= 0.0001. There was no change in systemic arterial pressure or heart rate during the study period, but a small increase occurred in the mean methemoglobin level (1.1% to 1.3%) p= 0.039. Changes in the pulmonary/systemic blood flow ratio and pulmonary vascular resistance (n= 6) were not significant. Nitric oxide in oxygen appears to be a more potent pulmonary vasodilator than oxygen alone in pediatric patients with congenital cardiac defects.