北京市412例儿童18年后血压纵向对照调查

目的：探讨血压由儿童期至成年期的轨迹变化规律。方法：对1987年开展的"北京地区儿童血压研究"队列人群于2005年进行追访,采用同样的方法测量血压并进行心血管相关因素的健康体检。结果：（1）18年间平均收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）水平均随年龄增长而增长,增长幅度表现为SBP>DBP ,男性>女性。青春期前,男女血压均随年龄增长而增长,青春期后,血压增长幅度减缓,男性仍随年龄增加而增加,女性随年龄变化趋势不明显。（2）儿童期血压与成年期血压呈现正相关关系,控制成年BMI和身高,男性两时期SBP偏相关系数为0.23（P<0.01）,DBP偏相关系数为0.29（P<0.01）;女性SBP偏相关系数0.38（P<0.01）,DBP偏相关系数为0.19（P<0.01）。（3）分别按儿童SBP/DBP     

Social–physiological compliance as a determinant of team performance

A cybernetic model of behavior predicts that team performance may depend on physiological compliance among participants. This laboratory study tested if compliance in electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate or breathing in two-person teams (N=16) was predictive of team performance or coordination in a continuous tracking task simulating teleoperation. Visual contact among participants was manipulated. Physiological compliance was scored with weighted coherence and cross correlation. Separate multiple regression analyses revealed that the task completion time was predicted by coherence measures for EDA and heart, but only at a trend level for breathing. Task completion time was also predicted by heart cross correlation. Team tracking error was predicted by coherence measures for EDA, heart and breathing, and also heart cross correlation. While social–visual contact did not have an impact, physiological compliance was predictive of improved performance, with coherence robust over all three physiological measures. Heart cross correlation showed the strongest predictive relationships. These results provide evidence that physiological compliance among team members may benefit team performance. While further study is needed, physiological compliance may someday provide a needed tool for the study of team work, and an objective means to guide the ergonomic design of complex sociotechnical systems requiring a high degree of team proficiency.     

Influenza vaccination and respiratory virus interference among Department of Defense personnel during the 2017–2018 influenza season

PurposeReceiving influenza vaccination may increase the risk of other respiratory viruses, a phenomenon known as virus interference. Test-negative study designs are often utilized to calculate influenza vaccine effectiveness. The virus interference phenomenon goes against the basic assumption of the test-negative vaccine effectiveness study that vaccination does not change the risk of infection with other respiratory illness, thus potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction. This study aimed to investigate virus interference by comparing respiratory virus status among Department of Defense personnel based on their influenza vaccination status. Furthermore, individual respiratory viruses and their association with influenza vaccination were examined.ResultsWe compared vaccination status of 2880 people with non-influenza respiratory viruses to 3240 people with pan-negative results. Comparing vaccinated to non-vaccinated patients, the adjusted odds ratio for non-flu viruses was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 1.09; p = 0.60). Additionally, the vaccination status of 3349 cases of influenza were compared to three different control groups: all controls (N = 6120), non-influenza positive controls (N = 2880), and pan-negative controls (N = 3240). The adjusted ORs for the comparisons among the three control groups did not vary much (range: 0.46–0.51).ConclusionsReceipt of influenza vaccination was not associated with virus interference among our population. Examining virus interference by specific respiratory viruses showed mixed results. Vaccine derived virus interference was significantly associated with coronavirus and human metapneumovirus; however, significant protection with vaccination was associated not only with most influenza viruses, but also parainfluenza, RSV, and non-influenza virus coinfections.     

城市创建无鼠害考核方法的研究

本文报道采用鼠夹法、粉迹法及拖食法,对上海城市鼠密度进行了调查分析。结果观察到,在以黄胸鼠为主的地区,粉迹法测定鼠密度较稳定,拖食法次之,鼠夹法变化大。在以小家鼠为主的地区,粉迹法与鼠夹法的差别不明显。因此,测定城市室内鼠密度使用的监测与考核方法,应考虑鼠种及鼠的行为特点。     

Task-related coding of stimulus and response in cat motor cortex

Summary In a previous study in the cat, we have reported that motor cortex neurons discharging before the initiation of an aimed forearm response (lead cells) are better timed to movement of a display (stimulus) than to the response. The present study was done to distinguish the coding of stimulus and response features in the discharge patterns of such early activity in motor cortex. Single neurons were recorded in the arm area of motor cortex in three cats performing the same pair of responses (forearm flexion and extension) but to display movements in either of the two directions by changing display polarity. The modulation of lead cell activity was contingent on the occurrence of the learned motor response and timed to the stimulus in all conditions. The majority of lead cells (88%, n = 50) fell into one of two distinct classes. In one class of neurons, force-direction (56%, n = 32), activity was contingent on a single direction of forelimb response (flexion or extension) and was thus independent of the direction of the display stimulus. The only muscles whose patterns matched the activity of this class of response-related neurons were forelimb flexors and extensors. In these neurons, the onset of modulation was timed to one or the other of the two stimuli according to the stimulus direction which elicited the appropriate response. Thus, the display-related input to these neurons varied according to the response required. In the second class of neurons, stimulus-direction (32%, n = 18), modulation was associated with a specific stimulus direction rather than the response direction. The pattern of activity of these neurons was similar to the pattern of EMG signals of shoulder and neck muscles during the different task conditions. The contraction of proximal and axial muscles corresponded to a second response elicited by the stimulus, namely attempts at head rotation towards the moving display and was independent of the conditioned forelimb response in both time of onset and direction. To test the possibility that stimulus-direction neurons participated in the control of head rotation we trained two of the animals to also produce isometric changes in neck torque in the direction of the moving display without making the forelimb response. The activity of stimulus-direction neurons was similarly modulated during performance of the neck task. By contrast, force-direction neurons examined during the neck task were either unmodulated or discharged after the neck response. These data suggest that force-direction neurons participate in response initiation and that their activity is triggered by stimuli specific for the task. The reorganization of the inputs to motor cortex is likely to result from gating mechanisms associated with behavioral set. Such neural gates could provide for the efficient transfer of any member of an array of behaviorally relevant stimuli to restricted sectors of the somatotopically organized motor areas.     

Cell Tracking 2007: A Proliferation of Probes and Applications

The articles in this thematic issue, entitled “Tracking Cell Proliferation and Function,” illustrate some of the choices made by authors pushing the envelope for cell tracking applications in their areas of interest. Over the past decade there has been a proliferation in the range of commercially available probes for these studies, the capabilities of the instrumentation used to detect them, and in the biological systems being studied. This introductory to the thematic issue presents the advantages and limitations of the more commonly used probes such as CFSE and PKH26, as well as emerging probes that expand the range of fluorescence available, including quantum dots and the new CellVue® dyes. Appropriate method and instrument setup controls and possible data analysis strategies are discussed with the goal of urging experienced investigators to include all critical information and controls when publishing their data and of aiding researchers new to cell tracking to make informed decisions on which cell tracking reagent(s) are best suited for their particular application. All cell tracking assays have the common goal of determining the fate of a particular cell population within a heterogeneous environment, whether in vivo or in vitro. Some of the common themes among the contributions found in this issue include how various probes are used to track (i) cell proliferation, (ii) regulatory and effector immune cell function and (iii) membrane transfer and antigen presentation. Although these represent only a small fraction of the large and growing list of applications for cell tracking, clearly illustrate the growing trend toward the use of multiple tracking reagents and multiple detection modalities to address complex biological questions.     

Sinusoidal forearm tracking with delayed visual feedback I. Dependence of the tracking error on the relative delay

During forearm tracking of a sinusoidally moving target matching of proprioceptive and visual feedback was altered by introducing different visual delays. In five normal subjects seven target frequencies were tested ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 Hz. For each target frequency nine different delays were used ranging from 0 to 120% of the cycle duration with target frequency and delay being varied randomly. Tracking error revealed a cyclic behaviour with an increase up to delays of about 50% of the target cycle duration and an improvement for delays larger than 50%. Modulation of response frequency was less pronounced compared with tracking error variation but also was dependent on relative phase. The response frequency matched the target frequency at delays of 0 and 100% of cycle duration and was slightly lower than the target frequency with relative delays of about 50%. The introduction of a visual delay during sinusoidal forearm tracking leads to a spatial in addition to the temporal mismatch between proprioception and vision. The temporal and the spatial incompatibility influence the tracking performance differentially. Received: 20 February 1996 / Accepted: 26 March 1997     

Separate and combined effects of the social drugs on psychomotor performance

Ten female subjects (five smokers and five non-smokers) performed a choice reaction time task (CRT), a compensatory tracking task (CTT), a short-term memory task (STM) and were tested for their critical flicker fusion threshold (CFF) at set points over 4 h after the administration of each possible combination of nicotine (2 mg gum or placebo), caffeine (250 mg capsule or placebo) and alcohol (30 g or placebo). Memory and motor function were shown to be facilitated by nicotine or caffeine, and the debilitating effects of alcohol were frequently antagonised by either drug. In spite of the differences in their neuropharmacological actions, combinations of nicotine, caffeine and alcohol may be compared through their effects on common information processing mechanisms involved in psychomotor performance.     

跟踪式护理对冠脉内支架植入术患者术后康复结局的影响

目的 探讨跟踪式综合康复护理模式对冠脉内支架植入术患者术后康复结局的影响.方法 选取128例冠脉内支架植入术患者,按照人院日期分为两组,研究组62例采用跟踪式综合康复护理模式,常规护理组66例给予常规治疗及护理,比较两组患者术后康复结局.结果 干预后,两组患者治疗后的血压及血脂水平均低于治疗前,且跟踪护理组患者治疗后水平改善均优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);跟踪护理组患者运动耐受强度、胸闷发作频率、射血分数恢复情况均优于常规护理组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 跟踪式综合康复护理模式能有效改善冠脉内支架植入术患者的心脏康复功能,建议推广和应用.