Mammographic screening: case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: The case-control design can be used to evaluate the benefit of cancer screening programmes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This paper outlines the main methodological features of the case-control design in this context, and indicates some potential biases. It also reviews the existing case-control literature on mammographic screening. RESULTS: Case-control studies consistently indicate a reduction of approximately 50% in breast cancer mortality associated with mammography. This result indicates greater benefit than shown in randomised trials; however, one should recognise that trials indicate effectiveness whereas case-control studies indicate efficacy. The two types of evidence are broadly compatible when one allows for screening non-compliance and contamination in the randomised trials. CONCLUSIONS: The case-control evidence supports and is consistent with the findings of randomised trials of mammography. Effectiveness estimates from trials indicate the benefit of screening to the population as a whole, and are pertinent to the public policy debate as to the value of offering screening. In contrast, case-control studies indicate benefit to actual screening participants. As such, case-control estimates of efficacy are appropriate for individual decision-making by women about their use of mammography when it is potentially available to them.     

关节镜治疗股骨下端慢性骨髓炎合并化脓性膝关节炎

2003年7月-2005年7月,本院采用关节镜下治疗股骨下端慢性骨髓炎及慢性骨髓炎窦道与膝关节相通引起继发性的膝关节化脓性关节炎7例,取得满意疗效,现报告如下。1临床资料本组7例,男5例,女2例;年龄32～73岁;左侧4例,右侧3例;病程最短6个月,最长30年。均有反复膝关节肿痛,皮温增高,     

类风湿关节炎致自发性手指肌腱断裂的临床分析

目的探讨类风湿关节炎致自发性手指肌腱断裂的临床特点和治疗效果。方法对8例自发性手指肌腱断裂的患者（均有3～8年类风湿关节炎的病史），其中2例拇长伸肌腱断裂，采用示指固有伸肌腱转位修复；3例环、小指指伸肌腱断裂，采用环指指伸肌腱与中指指伸肌腱端侧编织缝合，示指固有伸肌腱移位修复小指固有伸肌腱；2例中、环、小指指伸肌腱断裂，采用冷冻异体指伸肌腱移植修复。1例拇长屈肌腱断裂，采用环指指浅屈肌腱转位修复。结果术后局部滑膜和肌腱组织送病理检查均显示为慢性炎症伴局灶性坏死。术后随访6个月～7年，未见肌腱再次断裂，优良率为100％。结论多根肌腱同时断裂是类风湿关节炎致自发性手指肌腱断裂的常见特点，手术采用肌腱转位或异体肌腱移植术，疗效确切。     

股内侧肌中间入路与内侧髌旁入路在初次全膝关节置换中的对比研究

目的对股内侧肌中间入路和内侧髌旁人路在全膝关节置换术（TKA）手术相关参数和术后早期康复的相关参数进行比较。方法自2004年3月～2006年3月将34例同期双膝TKA患者两侧膝关节的手术入路进行随机分配，一侧采用股内侧肌中间入路，另一侧采用内侧髌旁人路。比较两组的外科参数和临床参数，外科参数包括暴露的难易程度、手术时间、术中失血量和外侧支持带需要松解的比例。临床参数包括术后静息和运动时疼痛、直腿抬高时间、主动屈曲到90。的时间、术后膝关节活动度及并发症。结果两组手术时间无明显差异，与内侧髋旁人路比较采用股内侧肌中间入路一侧的膝关节术中失血较少[（286．0±29．8）mL／us．（368．0±35．8）mL，P〈0．05]，外翻膝需要做外侧支持带松解的比例较小（20％us 50％，P〈0．05），术后l周内疼痛较轻（P〈0．05），能较早地进行主动直腿抬高[（1．8±0．3）d us．（4．5±0．8）d，P〈0．01]，较早地屈曲到90^o[（3．2±0．8）d us（7．1±1．2）d，P〈0．01]，术后45d活动度改善较快[（107^o±20^o）us、（98^o±12^o），P〈0．05]。结论因为股内侧肌中间入路对伸膝装置和髌周血管丛的破坏较少，TKA后功能恢复早期，比内侧髌旁人路更具有优势。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤手术时机的探讨(附237例分析)

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤手术时机与临床预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2005年我院收治的237例颅内破裂动脉瘤，其中196例行手术治疗。按入院时Hunt—Hess分级将手术病人分为A组（Ⅰ～Ⅲ级）162例，B组（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）34例；根据手术时间分为早期手术组（SAH3d内手术）19例，延期手术组（SAH4～10d手术）82例，晚期手术组（SAH11d之后手术）95例。比较不同手术期别动脉瘤术中破裂率、术后1个月GOS评分及术后主要并发症（脑血管痉挛、脑积水）发生率，并进行统计学分析。结果24例（10．1％）因再出血丧失治疗机会。术中动脉瘤破裂早期手术组3例（15，8％），延期手术组8例（9．8％），晚期手术组6例（613％）。术后脑血管痉挛发生率早期手术组为15，8％，延期手术组为19，5％，晚期手术组为17，9％。脑积水发生率以晚期手术组最高（14，7％）。对术后1个月GOS评分Ridit分析结果显示：A、B两组中均以早期手术组治疗效果最佳．延期手术次之．晚期手术最差。结论早期手术可规避颅内破裂动脉瘤再出血的风险，降低主要并发症发生率。对于各个级别（包括Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）的SAH病人，均应根据治疗者的手术经验与技巧和所在医院的条件，及早诊断，尽早手术。     

严重耻骨联合分离合并胫腓骨开放性粉碎骨折1例报告

患者,男性,24岁。外伤后下腹部及左下肢肿胀、疼痛、活动受限5 h入院。患者2004年4月21日7时许骑摩托车与汽车相撞,伤后有短暂意识丧失。于当地医院行X线检查示:左小腿多段开放性粉碎性骨折,左内踝骨折。给予伤口加压包扎,下肢夹板外固定,因当地医院条件有限转入我院。入院后查:体温36·4℃,脉搏100次/m in,呼吸20次/m in,血压70/40 mmHg,意识清醒,全身多处软组织挫伤及皮肤擦伤。腹部无明显隆起,有压痛,无移动性浊音。左下肢夹板外固定,左小腿中段有一长约15 cm的皮肤裂伤,肌肉、骨骼外露,左踝关节畸形,活动受限,足趾活动自如,双侧足背动…     

64层螺旋CT在冠状动脉支架置入术后评估中的价值

目的:评价64层螺旋CT在冠状动脉支架置入术后复查中的临床价值。方法:采用64层螺旋CT对27例冠状动脉支架置入术后的患者(共47个支架)进行CT冠状动脉成像。观察支架及其支架血管和非支架血管的通畅性。结果:支架通畅43例,支架内狭窄3个、闭塞1个,支架前后血管狭窄25支(包括两近端狭窄4例),非支架血管狭窄26支。结论:64层螺旋CT比16层螺旋CT观察冠状动脉内支架优越,可作为冠状动脉支架置入术后效果随访观察和了解原有冠心病进展情况的重要手段。     

KCNJ2 mutations in arrhythmia patients referred for LQT testing: A mutation T305A with novel effect on rectification properties

BACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in the KCNJ2 cause approximately 50% of Andersen-Tawil Syndrome (ATS) characterized by a classic triad of periodic paralysis, ventricular arrhythmia, and dysmorphic features. Do KCNJ2 mutations occur in patients lacking this triad and lacking a family history of ATS? OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize mutations in the KCNJ2-encoded inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1 from patients referred for genetic arrhythmia testing. METHODS: Mutational analysis of KCNJ2 was performed for 541 unrelated patients. The mutations were made in wild type (WT) and expressed in COS-1 cells and voltage clamped for ion currents. RESULTS: Three novel missense mutations (R67Q, R85W, and T305A) and one known mutation (T75M) were identified in 4/249 (1.6%) patients genotype-negative for other known arrhythmia genes with overall incidence 4/541 (0.74%). They had prominent U-waves, marked ventricular ectopy, and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia but no facial/skeletal abnormalities. Periodic paralysis was present in only one case. Outward current was decreased to less than 5% of WT for all mutants expressed alone. Co-expression with WT (simulating heterozygosity) caused a marked dominant negative effect for T75M and R82W, no dominant negative effect for R67Q, and a novel selective enhancement of inward rectification for T305A. CONCLUSIONS: KCNJ2 loss of function mutations were found in approximately 1% of patients referred for genetic arrhythmia testing that lacked criteria for ATS. Characterization of three new mutations identified a novel dominant negative effect selectively reducing outward current for T305A. These results extend the range of clinical phenotype and molecular phenotype associated with KCNJ2 mutations.     

Infection dynamics and virus-induced apoptosis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production—Flow cytometry and mathematical modeling

Cell culture-based influenza vaccine manufacturing is of growing importance. Depending on virus strains, differences in infection dynamics, virus-induced apoptosis, cell lysis and virus yields are observed. Comparatively little is known concerning details of virus–host cell interaction on a cellular level and virus spreading in a population of cells in bioreactors. In this study, the infection of MDCK cells with different influenza A virus strains in lab-scale microcarrier culture was investigated by flow cytometry. Together with the infection status of cells, virus-induced apoptosis was monitored. A mathematical model has been formulated to describe changes in the concentration of uninfected and infected adherent cells, dynamics of virus particle release (infectious virions, hemagglutinin content), and the time course of the percentage composition of the cell population.