Incentive‐elicited mesolimbic activation and externalizing symptomatology in adolescents

Background: Opponent‐process theories of externalizing disorders (ExD) attribute them to some combination of overactive reward processing systems and/or underactive behavior inhibition systems. Reward processing has been indexed by recruitment of incentive‐motivational neurocircuitry of the ventral striatum (VS), including nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an incentive task to determine whether externalizing symptomatology in adolescence is correlated with an enhanced VS recruitment by cues for rewards, or by deliveries of rewards. Twelve community‐recruited adolescents with externalizing disorders (AED) and 12 age/gender‐matched controls responded to targets to win or avoid losing $0, $0.20, $1, $5, or an unknown amount (ranging from $0.20 to $5). Results: Cues to respond for rewards activated the NAcc (relative to cues for no incentive), in both subject groups similarly, with greatest NAcc recruitment by cues for the largest reward. Loss‐anticipatory NAcc signal increase was detected in a volume‐of‐interest analysis – but this increase occurred only in trials when subjects hit the target. Relative to controls, AED showed significantly elevated NAcc activation by a linear contrast between reward notification versus notification of failure to win reward. In a post hoc reanalysis, VS and pregenual anterior cingulate activation by the reward versus non‐reward outcome contrast also directly correlated with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing total scores (across all subjects) in lieu of a binary diagnosis. Finally, both groups showed right insula activation by loss notifications (contrasted with avoided losses). Conclusions: Externalizing behavior, whether assessed dimensionally with a questionnaire, or in the form of a diagnostic categorization, is associated with an exaggerated limbic response to outcomes of reward‐directed behavior. This could be a neurobiological signature of the behavioral sensitivity to laboratory reward delivery that is characteristic of children with externalizing symptomatology. Of interest is future research on incentive‐motivational processing in more severe, clinically referred AED.     

金丝梅石油醚超声提取物GC-MS分析及其体外抗氧化作用

目的采用GC-MS分析金丝梅(HypericumpatalumThumb.)石油醚超声提取物中的化学成分,并研究该提取物的抗氧化作用。方法以石油醚为溶剂,采用超声提取法提取金丝梅中的化学成分,并采用GC-MS分析石油醚超声提取物中的化学成分;采用DPPH和ABTS2种方法研究金丝梅石油醚超声提取物的抗氧化活性。结果从金丝梅石油醚超声提取物中共鉴定了24个化合物。其中,3-甲基庚烷含量最高,达26.329%,检测出的化合物类型为烷烃类(57.99%)、萜类(17.22%)、芳烃(7.78%)和其他类型(17.01%)化合物。该提取物对DPPH自由基和ABTS^·+自由基的清除作用在一定浓度范围内成对数关系,对DPPH自由基清除作用的IC50值>20mg·mL^-1,对ABTS^·+自由基的清除作用TEAC值为(3.71±0.1)μmol·L^-1。结论金丝梅石油醚超声提取物中脂溶性成分较多,具有一定的抗氧化活性。该研究结果为金丝梅化学成分的研究及进一步利用提供了科学依据。     

Preliminary evidence of disparities in physical activity among adolescents with bipolar disorder

Physical activity can potentially mitigate the symptomatic burden and cardiovascular risk associated with bipolar disorder (BD). Studies have found that adults with BD are less physically active than controls. However, no previous study has examined this topic among adolescents with BD. This study compares physical activity among adolescents with BD vs. healthy controls without major psychiatric disorders, and examines characteristics associated with physical activity among adolescents with BD. Subjects were 86 adolescents with a diagnosis of BD via gold-standard psychiatric interviews, and 50 controls. The Quick Weight, Activity & Excess Screener (WAVE) was used to assess physical activity. Between-group analyses examined for differences in achieving recommended benchmarks for three types of physical activity: working out, “working in” (incidental physical activity), and screen time. Exploratory within-group analyses were based on a median split (high vs. low) of the total physical activity scores among BD adolescents. Adolescents with BD were significantly less likely to report working out regularly (6%) as compared to controls (22%; χ² = 7.98, p = 0.005). There were no significant between-group differences in working in or screen time. BD adolescents with low levels of physical activity were less likely to have a family history of substance use disorder (p = 0.03). Adolescents with BD are less likely than their peers to achieve the recommended benchmark for regular working out. Future studies are warranted to determine what factors explain this difference, and to identify strategies for optimizing physical activity among adolescents with BD.     

用血清药理学方法观察毛茛提取液对家兔主动脉平滑肌细胞内钙的影响

目的:观察毛茛提取液含药血清对培养家兔主动脉平滑肌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响.方法:体外培养家兔主动脉平滑肌细胞(VSMC),用荧光指示剂INDO-AM负载细胞,灌胃给予不同浓度药物,观察不同稀释浓度含药血清及不同时相药物血清对由NE诱导细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2 ]i)增加的影响.结果:毛茛提取液各含药血清组均能降低由NE诱发的细胞内[Ca2 ]i的升高.结论:毛茛提取液含药血清能减少VSMC细胞内[Ca2 ]i.     

8种广西药材水提物抗垂体后叶素致心肌缺血的研究

目的:观察苦丁茶等8种广西药材水提物的抗心肌缺血作用.方法:分别灌胃给予苦丁茶等8种药材的水提物,给药后1 h进行大鼠尾静脉注射垂体后叶素(Pit)造成急性心肌缺血,记录药物在注射Pit后1 min及10 min时心电图,对心率、ST段和T波的变化,并进行组间t检验.结果:苦丁茶、柿子叶、田七叶、黄皮叶、黄栀叶、甜茶藤...     

大别山野生苍术挥发油化学成分研究

首次对大别山野生苍术挥发油化学成分进行研究.采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取挥发油,用GC-MS-DS联用技术并核对质谱标准图谱,从分离出的76种组分中鉴定出49种化合物,占出峰总面积的92.49%.对挥发油提取方法及溶剂进行了选择;并与文献报道的其他地区苍术的得油率和主要成分进行对比,结果表明,大别山野生苍术挥发油含量最高(10.14%),检出的化学成分也最多.主要成分是苍术醇、β-桉叶油醇、la,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-八氢-la,1,7,7a-四甲醇-[laR-(1a.α,7、α,7a α,7b.α)]1H-环丙(a)萘和γ-桉叶油醇,与文献报道的主要成分和含量均有所不同.     

HPLC同时测定石韦中绿原酸、槲皮素和山柰酚含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时分离测定石韦中绿原酸、槲皮素、山柰酚3种有效成分的方法。方法采用Phenomenex C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以甲醇-乙酸(pH=3.0)作为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL/min;紫外检测波长:254 nm;柱温:35℃。结果绿原酸、槲皮素、山柰酚分别在0.000 24~3.00μg(r=0.999 9)、0.000 16~2.00μg(r=0.999 9)、0.000 16~2.00μg(r=0.999 9)范围内呈良好的线性关系,最低检测限(S/N=3)依次为3.29、0.43、0.33 ng/mL,平均回收率分别为97.73%、98.07%、96.92%。结论本方法操作简单、准确、灵敏度高,为石韦中绿原酸、槲皮素、山柰酚的测定及分离提供了依据。     

川产麦冬化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)

本文报道了由川产麦冬中所得三种成分的结构鉴定工作。其结构分别为:diosgenin-3-0[(2-o-乙酰基)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖(1→2)][β-D-吡喃木糖(1→3]-β-D吡喃萄葡糖甙;ruscogeninl-O-[α-L-。吡喃鼠李糖(1→2)][β-D-吡喃木糖(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃萄葡糖甙及1-borneol 6-O-β-D-呋喃芹糖(1→6) β-D-吡喃萄葡糖甙。前者为首次从植物中分离得到的新化合物。     

田基黄水煎剂对Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒复制的抑制作用

作者在细胞培养中发现田基黄对Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-2)的复制有明显的抑制作用。它对 Vero-E6细胞的无毒浓度为7.5mg/ml(即相当于每毫升7.5mg 生药),最小有效抑制 HSV-2复制的浓度为2.5mg/ml。抑制指数[即病毒时照的滴度(对数)减去药物处理过的病毒滴度(对数)]为3.25,抑制明显。有效浓度的田基黄(2.5mg/ml)在细胞外对 HSV-2无直接灭活作用。HSV-2在复制周期中的早期即病毒的吸附或穿入阶段对田基黄敏感。此药在2.5mg/ml 的浓度下,抗 HSV-2的作用不亚于环胞苷(5ug/ml)或疱疹净(100ug/ml).因此,提出了用此药预防宫颈癌或与无环乌苷合用治疗HSV-2感染的可能性。