Acute Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma due to Rupture of a Tiny Cortical Arteriovenous Malformation

Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) of arterial origin is rare, especially SDH associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is extremely rare. The authors report a case of acute spontaneous SDH due to rupture of a tiny cortical AVM. A 51-year-old male presented with sudden onset headache and mentality deterioration without a history of trauma. Brain CT revealed a large volume acute SDH compressing the right cerebral hemisphere with subfalcine and tentorial herniation. Emergency decompressive craniectomy was performed to remove the hematoma and during surgery a small (5 mm sized) conglomerated aciniform mass with two surrounding enlarged vessels was identified on the parietal cortex. After warm saline irrigation of the mass, active bleeding developed from a one of the vessel. The bleeding was stopped by coagulation and the vessels were removed. Histopathological examination confirmed the lesion as an AVM. We concluded that a small cortical AVM existed at this area, and that the cortical AVM had caused the acute SDH. Follow up conventional angiography confirmed the absence of remnant AVM or any other vascular abnormality. This report demonstrates rupture of a cortical AVM is worth considering when a patient presents with non-traumatic SDH without intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

Spontaneous Spinal Subdural Hematoma with Simultaneous Cranial Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma is reported at a rare level of incidence, and is frequently associated with underlying coagulopathy or those receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents; some cases accompany concomitant intracranial hemorrhage. The spontaneous development of spinal subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is a neurological emergency; therefore, early diagnosis, the discontinuation of anticoagulant, and urgent surgical decompression are required to enable neurological recovery. In this report, we present a simultaneous spinal subdural hematoma and cranial subarachnoid hemorrhage, which mimicked an aneurysmal origin in a female patient who had been taking warfarin due to aortic valve replacement surgery.     

Incidence and Risk Factors of Chronic Subdural Hematoma after Surgical Clipping for Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Objective

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a rare complication of unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence and risk factors of postoperative CSDH after surgical clipping for unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms.

Methods

This retrospective study included 518 patients from a single tertiary institute from January 2008 to December 2013. CSDH was defined as subdural hemorrhage which needed surgical treatment. The degree of brain atrophy was estimated using the bicaudate ratio (BCR) index. We used uni- and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors correlated with CSDH.

Results

Sixteen (3.1%) patients experienced postoperative CSDH that required burr hole drainage surgery. In univariate analyses, male gender (p<0.001), size of aneurysm (p=0.030), higher BCR index (p=0.004), and the use of antithrombotic medication (p=0.006) were associated with postoperative CSDH. In multivariate analyses using logistic regression test, male gender [odds ratio (OR) 4.037, range 1.287-12.688], high BCR index (OR 5.376, range 1.170-25.000), and the use of antithrombotic medication (OR 4.854, range 1.658-14.085) were associated with postoperative CSDH (p<0.05). Postoperative subdural fluid collection and arachnoid plasty were not showed statistically significant difference in this study.

Conclusion

The incidence of CSDH was 3.1% in unruptured anterior circulation aneurysm surgery. This study shows that male gender, degree of brain atrophy, and the use of antithrombotic medication were associated with postoperative CSDH.     

Spontaneous Resolution of a Large Chronic Subdural Hematoma Which Required Surgical Decompression

We report on a case of an 87-year-old woman who showed spontaneous resolution of a large chronic subdural hematoma which required surgical decompression. She had suffered from confused mentality and right side weakness of motor grade II for 10 days. The initial brain CT scan showed a 22 mm thick low density lesion located in the left fronto-temporo-parietal region with midline shift (12 mm) which required emergency decompression. However, because she and her family did not want surgery, she was followed up in the outpatient clinic. Five months later, follow up brain CT showed that the CSDH had disappeared and the patient became neurologically normal. The reasons for spontaneous resolution of CSDH remain unclear. We discuss the possible relation between mechanisms of physio-pathogenesis and spontaneous resolution of a large chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) in an elderly patient.     

Spinal Subdural Hematoma Associated with Intracranial Subdural Hematoma

The simultaneous occurrence of an intracranial and a spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) is rare. We describe a case of cranial SDH with a simultaneous spinal SDH. An 82-year-old woman visited the emergency room because of drowsiness and not being able to walk 6 weeks after falling down. A neurological examination showed a drowsy mentality. Brain computed tomography showed bilateral chronic SDH with an acute component. The patient underwent an emergency burr-hole trephination and hematoma removal. She exhibited good recovery after the operation. On the fourth postoperative day, she complained of low-back pain radiating to both lower limbs, and subjective weakness of the lower limbs. Spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed a thoracolumbosacral SDH. A follow-up spinal magnetic resonance imaging study that was performed 16 days later showed a significant decrease in the size of the spinal SDH. We discuss the pathogenesis of this simultaneous occurrence of spinal and cranial SDH.     

脑出血患者血肿扩大的危险因素分析

目的：探讨影响脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素,为临床防治提供依据。方法纳入2011年1月～2014年1月在神经内科住院治疗的158例幕上脑出血患者。结果脑出血患者入院时间在0～3 h复查血肿扩大的检出率高于入院时间在3～6 h的患者,但差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。结论患者幕上脑出血早期血肿扩大,主要是因为血糖影响,入院时收缩压的影响和患者的长期饮酒史。     

小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床观察

目的探讨小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择符合标准的患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,观察组应用小骨窗颅内血肿清除术,对照组应用微创穿刺血肿抽吸术,比较二者神经功能恢复情况。结果观察组患者手术时间长于对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但是术后24h血肿清除率及住院时间均优于对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后两组患者SSS评分较术前均提高差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但是观察组患者改善幅度较对照组更大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者并发症发生率35.00%,与对照组的37.50%相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后6个月,观察组患者ADL评定结果明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血,可有效清除颅内血肿,促进神经功能恢复,是治疗高血压性脑出血的理想方法之一。     

不同剂量甘露醇治疗幕上脑出血的临床疗效及其对早期血肿扩大的影响

目的:观察两种剂量甘露醇治疗方案对中等量幕上脑出血的临床疗效和早期血肿扩大的影响。方法:将我院自2013年1月至2015年3月收治的发病时间在24 h内且血肿体积为15~30 m L的急性幕上脑出血患者随机分为两组:一组给予20%甘露醇250 m L,连续7 d,另一组给予20%甘露醇125 m L快速静脉滴注,连续7 d;采用发病后3月时的mRS评分作为临床疗效指标。mRS评分为0~2分的定义为结局良好;治疗1 d后复查头颅CT,测量血肿体积,以血肿体积增大比入组时增大33%以上定义为早期血肿扩大。结果:共入选78例,两组各39例,采用250 m L甘露醇治疗组发病后3月时结局良好的有17例,占43.9%(17/39),采用125 m L甘露醇治疗组有26例,占66.7%(26/39),两组比较有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);采用250 m L治疗组血肿扩大比率为17.9%(7/39),125 m L治疗组为7.7%(3/39),两组比较有显著统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论:对于中等量的幕上脑出血,125 m L甘露醇的临床疗效好于250 m L,且低剂量治疗对早期血肿扩大的影响较小,临床应扩大样本深入研究有利于其推广。     

颅内压监测对高血压性脑出血患者术后临床疗效的影响

目的：探讨颅内压监测对高血压性脑出血患者术后近期及远期临床疗效的影响。方法：选择合适的患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,均给予基础治疗,对照组采用常规方法降颅压,观察组根据颅内压监测结果应用脱水剂,比较二者预后情况等。结果：术后1周两组患者NIHSS评分均低于术前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,但是观察组患者下降幅度较对照组大（P＜0．05）。观察组患者电解质紊乱、应激性溃疡、肾功能损害的发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）,而两组患者感染发生率相似,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。随访6个月,观察组死亡率10．00％、预后良好率53．33％,对照组死亡率26．67％、预后良好率36．67％,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论：颅内压监测有助于高血压性脑出血患者术后神经功能的恢复,减少并发症,降低病死率,改善患者愈后日常生活能力。     

Lumbar puncture complicated by spinal epidural hematoma in a child with leukemia

We report a case of spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) preceded by diagnostic lumbar puncture (LP) in a 5‐year‐old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. MRI confirmed the presence of SEH between T7 and L5 levels, but the patient showed fast recovery during the next hours and conservative management was elected.