ENDOSCOPIC NASOBILIARY DRAINAGE: CURRENT INDICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTS

Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) is a well established mode of biliary decompression. Although ENBD is certainly an uncomfortable procedure with the potential risk of spontaneous dislocation or removal of the drainage catheter by disoriented patients, it has several advantages over endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) using an indwelling stent. The current indications for ENBD are: (i) temporary drainage to treat obstructive jaundice and cholangitis caused by malignant or benign biliary stricture; (ii) urgent drainage to treat suppurative cholangitis primarily caused by common bile duct stones; (iii) temporary drainage after stone removal in patients with suspected incomplete clearance and/or with cholangitis; and (iv) biliary leaks that occur primarily after surgery, as well as other indications. Different types of nasobiliary catheters are currently available that have been designed with various diameters, shapes, and materials. However, the current catheters are not considered by most endoscopists to be sufficient. Further improvements are needed to achieve better drainage and better maneuverability.     

IS THERE A SPECIFIC LINKAGE BETWEEN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE?

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common condition characterized by repetitive sleep‐induced collapse of the upper airways. It is associated with increased risk for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cerebral stroke, and traffic accidents. In contrast, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common disorder defined as various symptoms or esophageal mucosal damage generated by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Patients with OSAS have been reported to have a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms. The increase of transdiaphragmatic pressure in parallel with the large negative intrathoracic pressure produced during apnea events may directly lead to GER. In addition, some studies have demonstrated improvement in GERD with the application of continuous positive airway pressure, most consistently effective treatment for OSAS. However, GER dose not occur with every apnea. Moreover, the common conditions observed in patients with OSAS, including obesity or alcohol ingestion, are also predisposing factors for GER. A more recent investigation in over 1000 subjects failed to show a causal link between both diseases. Thus, the potential relationship between OSAS and GERD remains controversial. Inconsistencies in definitions of both diseases or sampling biases may contribute to the confusing results.     

腹内高压对门静脉压、中心静脉压影响的实验研究

目的研究腹内压升高对大鼠中心静脉压和门静脉压的影响。方法将20只成年雄性SD大鼠分别通过颈静脉插管、穿刺门静脉主干法来测定中心静脉压和门静脉压，运用氮气气腹法制作大鼠腹内高压动物模型。建立气腹后分别在0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45mmHg压力值下测得中心静脉压和门静脉压。结果中心静脉压和腹内压之间的直线回归方程为Y=2．824＋0．045X，相关系数r=0．984（P〈0．01）；门静脉压和腹内压之间的直线回归方程为Y=8．887＋0．939X，相关系数r=0．998（P〈0．01）。结论腹内压与中心静脉压和门静脉压有很好的相关性，可以根据腹内压监测中心静脉压和门静脉压的变化。     

老年高血压患者脉压与急性心肌梗塞的关系

目的探讨老年原发性高血压（ET）患者脉压与急性心肌梗塞（AMI）的关系。方法观测45例老年高血压病合并急性心肌梗塞患者的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）及脉压（PP），以31例老年单纯高血压患者（冠脉造影排除冠心病）作对照组，进行比较。结果并发急性心肌梗塞组，其脉压较单纯高血压组明显增高。结论脉压与老年人急性心肌梗塞密切相关，对老年人高血压的治疗更要注重控制脉压。     

4132名少年儿童血压状况调查分析

目的了解7～14岁少年儿童血压特点,为流行病学及预防成人高血压提供参考数据。方法用统一标准采集血压及有关数据,用概率单位法行正态性检验,确定血压95%参考值范围,对年龄与血压和体质指数进行相关性分析,行U检验、t检验。结果随年龄增大血压也逐渐上升,各年龄段男女之间血压差异无统计学意义。体质指数随年龄增大而增加。血压偏高者其体质指数高于同年龄段中值水平。结论年龄与血压和体质指数呈正相关。血压偏高者体质指数都具有较高中值水平。     

928株革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的：了解青岛地区临床分离的重要革兰阴性杆菌的耐药情况以指导合理用药。方法：2001年青岛3家医院临床分离的5种革兰阴性杆菌用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果：5种病原菌均占3家医院革兰阴性杆菌分离率的前5位，大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率达60％－87％，细菌对亚胺培南均呈高度敏感，但铜绿假单胞菌耐亚胺培南株占25．8％，头孢他啶的抗菌活性是三代头孢菌素中最高的；复方酶抑制剂表现出良好的抗菌活性。结论：细菌耐药问题仍是目前临床的严重问题，地域性的耐药性监测是必要的。     

CROSSOVER COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DEPRESSOR EFFECTS OF LOW AND HIGH WORK-RATE EXERCISE IN MILD HYPERTENSION

1. The relationship between work-rate and the antihypertensive effect of exercise in hypertensives, and the mechanism of that effect, were investigated by a crossover clinical trial. 2. Ten mild hypertensives were randomly divided into two groups. One group performed low work-rate exercise (LWE) on a cycle ergometer for 10 weeks (blood lactate threshold; ～50% of maximum oxygen consumption [V?_O2max]). After a 10 week interval without exercise training, these subjects were then switched to a high work-rate exercise (HWE) regimen (4 mmol/ L of blood lactate; ～75% of V?_O2max) for another 10 weeks. In the other group, the order of exercise training was reversed. Since two patients withdrew from the protocol during HWE periods, statistical analysis was performed on the data from the remaining eight patients. There were no order effects observed in any of the data from the two groups. 3. During both LWE and HWE, resting blood pressure (BP) fell significantly after the initiation of exercise therapy (P<0.05). Furthermore, the overall effects of 10 weeks of LWE and HWE on BP were not significantly different. 4. The work-rate at the lactate threshold, which reflects physical fitness, had increased significantly by 16 W (P<0.01) after the LWE period and by 11 W (P<0.01) after the HWE. 5. During the LWE period, changes in haemodynamic and humoral variables were not significant, except for a reduction in plasma norepinephrine at week 10 (P<0.05). In the HWE period, changes in haemodynamic and humoral variables were not significant. 6. Based on these findings, LWE is recommended for mild hypertensives because of its safety.     

Ultrasound evaluation of female urinary incontinence

Thirty women, 25 with incontinence and five asymptomatic volunteer control subjects, were evaluated urodynamically by a variety of techniques, including ultrasound cystourethrography. The ultrasound evaluation was found to be a helpful adjunct in diagnosis. In comparison with radiologic techniques it offers more safety, more comfort, more privacy, more viewing time, and less cost. Bladder and urethral morphology during voiding activity and the amount and direction of urethrovesical mobility are easily determined by utilizing ultrasound techniques.     

The HGAR1 familial hypercholesterolemia pedigree

Data on 232 members of a single pedigree, descended from two pairs of original parents, were made available to the participants of Genetic Analysis Workshop 8 (GAW8). In addition to information concerning age and sex, measurements for 10 quantitative traits and genotypes at 22 polymorphic marker loci were also provided for a subset of 193 of these family members. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.