In much of the literature to date, the definition of climacteric symptoms has been based largely upon women who present for medical treatment of symptoms. It is already well recognised that patients (of all ages and both sexes) presenting for medical treatment tend to report themselves as suffering from more life stresses and from more neurotic symptoms than people in the general population. Life stress and adequacy of coping may thus be important factors in the incidence of symptomatology at the climacteric, as at any other time of life. This study therefore investigated the proposal that post-menopausal women who present for treatment at menopause clinics suffer from more life stresses and more neurotic symptoms than post-menopausal women in the general pupolation.
It was found that patients did indeed suffer from more psychosocial stress, measured in terms of life events, clinical depression and anxiety scales and a rating scale based on a clinician's judgements of ongoing psychosocial stress, vulnerability and adequacy of coping. Patients also suffered from significantly more symptoms than non-patients, not only psychological, but also hypothalamic and metabolic symptoms. However, the incidence of hot flushes and vaginal atrophy was the same in both groups. The stress/coping rating was the measure which correlated most highly with the psychological symptoms reported by subjects as symptoms of menopause. Life events and clinical stress measures were more consistently related in the non-patient group, indicating possible intervening variables (such as hormone imbalance) in this relationship in the patient group. 相似文献
The influence of dominance on the pituitary-adrenal and gonadal systems was evaluated in male squirrel monkeys. Basal and stress levels of plasma cortisol and testosterone were determined in eight male pairs across a 5-week period. The data indicated that squirrel monkeys have unusually high levels of steroid hormones in comparison to other species. Dominant males had higher levels of cortisol and testosterone and showed a smaller stress response than did subordinate males. 相似文献
A system composed of a functional continuous magnetic stimulator (FCMS) and a saddle-type coil has been developed for non-invasive
treatment of urinary incontinence, especially stress incontinence and urge incontinence. The FCMS conditions were as follows:
2 kW maximum electrical power consumption, 800 V maximum capacitor voltage, 720 μs pulsewidth (180 μs rise time), and 5–30
Hz frequency. A frequency between 5 and 10 Hz is used to treat urge incontinence and a frequency between 25 Hz and 30 Hz is
used to treat urge incontinence. The coil (120 mm long, 90 mm wide and 50 mm thick) fits the most suitable region for this
treatment, the region from the anus to the perineum. The coil is cooled to maintain a coil temperature between 20 and 25°C
so that it can be used efficiently and safely. In experiments with anaesthetised dogs, it was confirmed that the urethral
pressure increased when the circumference of the perineum received continuous magnetic stimulation of 720 μs pulsewidth (180
μs rise time), 10Hz frequency and about 520 V capacitor voltage. This result suggests that magnetic stimulation can be effective
as a urinary incontinence therapy. 相似文献
The mechanical properties of lung tissue are important contributors to both the elastic and dissipative properties of the
entire organ at normal breathing frequencies. A number of detailed studies have shown that the stress adaptation in the tissue
of the lung following a step change in volume is very accurately described by the functiont−k for some small positive constantk. We applied step increases in length to lung parenchymal strips and found the ensuing stress recovery to be extremely accurately
described byt−k over almost 3 decades of time, despite the quasi-static stress-length characteristics of the strips being highly nonlinear.
The corresponding complex impedance of lung tissue was found to have a magnitude that varied inversely with frequency. We
note that this is highly reminiscent of a phenomenon known as 1/f noise, which has been shown to occur ubiquitously throughout the natural world. 1/f noise has been postulated to be a reflection of the complexity of the system that produces it, something like a central limit
theorem for dynamic systems. We have therefore developed the hypothesis that thet−k nature of lung tissue stress adaptation follows from the fact that lung tissue itself is composed of innumerable components
that interact in an extremely rich and varied manner. Thus, although the constantk is no doubt determined by the particular constituents of the tissue, we postulate that the actual functional form of the
stress adaptation is not. 相似文献
Summary: Liquid crystalline oligomers of 9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)fluorene of defined degree of polymerization 4, 5, 6, and 7 were investigated by X‐ray diffraction in the non‐oriented and in the aligned state. The diffraction data give evidence for a smectic B type phase for all of the oligomers. Quenching below the glass transition does not change the structure of the liquid crystalline phase. This allows to align spin‐coated films of these oligomers on rubbed polyimide substrates to give monodomain films. These are stable against thermal disordering below Tg, e.g. at room temperature. The degree of alignment is characterized by the dichroic spectra and polarized fluorescence spectra. Dichroic ratios and polarization ratios increase substantially with the chain length and values as high as D = 23 and P = 41 are obtained for the heptamer. The type of packing of the oligomers in the LC phase is discussed based on the X‐ray single crystal structure of models. In one such model the packing of the 2‐ethylhexyl side chains could be fully resolved, while the other model reveals the torsional angle between adjacent fluorene units in the same molecule as 144.2° which corroborates earlier work based on fiber diffraction of corresponding polyfluorenes.
In order to identify genes which are expressed during alkaloid synthesis in an axenic culture of Claviceps sp. (strain ATCC 26245), a cDNA library from a producing culture was differentially screened with cDNA from producing (cDNA+)
and non-producing (cDNA–) cultures, respectively. Altogether, ten cDNA clones were obtained, the alkaloid-synthesis-correlated
expression of which was confirmed by Northern analyses. Evaluation of their nucleotide and derived amino-acid sequences identified
one gene unequivocally, coding for dimethylallyltryptophan-synthase (DMAT-S), the initial enzyme of the specific alkaloid
pathway. For two other genes significant homologies to known fungal genes were detected: one clone showed homology to the
Neurospora crassa ccg1 gene, coding for a clock-regulated putative general stress protein; seven cDNA clones, derived from the same gene, which
is highly expressed under these conditions, contained typical hydrophobin domains and long stretches of asparagine/glycine
repeats (like QID3 from Trichoderma harzianum), thus probably representing a cell-wall constituent. These data show that this is not only a successful approach to clone
genes specific for the alkaloid-pathway of C. purpurea, but also of genes which might be involved in the differentiation of sclerotial hyphae, the prerequisite for alkaloid synthesis.
Received: 22 November 1996 相似文献
A persistent problem in stress research has been that some individuals may show impairment, while others show improvement or no change in performance under stress. Attempts to relate this variance in performance to general anxiety or other personality variables have generally not been too successful. Based upon responses to a fear of shock item in an attitude questionnaire, Ss were classified as “high fear of shock” or “low fear of shock” types. Half of the Ss in each group were assigned a perceptual-motor task; the others were assigned a cognitive-interference task. After training, all Ss were informed that they would be required to maintain their training performance levels in a situation in which they would be shocked if performance declined. Performance and heart rate measures taken during training were compared with the same measures taken under the threat-of-shock conditions. Results indicate significant differences between groups in both performance and physiological activity with “high fear of shock”Ss exhibiting relatively greater performance impairment and increased heart rate. 相似文献