Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses with balloon dilatation and self-expanding stent deployment (WingSpan)

The endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenoses has previously been based on balloon dilatation or the deployment of a balloon expandable stent. Both methods have advantages (balloon: flexibility; balloon expandable stent: high radial force) and drawbacks (balloon: risk of elastic recoil and dissection; balloon expandable stent: limited flexibility, risk of injury to the vessel due to excessive straightening, overexpansion at ends of stent). A new combination of balloon dilatation, followed by the deployment of a self-expanding microstent has been applied in 15 patients with atherosclerotic arterial stenoses, symptomatic despite medical treatment. An anatomically and clinically adequate result was achieved in all patients. The initial degree of stenosis was 72% (mean). Balloon dilatation resulted in an average residual stenosis of 54% (mean), reduced further to a mean of 38% after stent deployment. Arterial dissection, occlusion of the target artery or symptomatic distal emboli was not encountered. In one patient, a side branch occlusion occurred after dilatation of a M1 stenosis, with complete neurological recovery. All patients were either stable or improved 4 weeks after the treatment. Recurrent TIA did not occur in any patient. Balloon dilatation and subsequent deployment of a self-expandable stent for the treatment of symptomatic intracranial arterial stenoses combines the advantages of both techniques and allows a rapid, clinically effective and technically safe treatment of these frequently challenging lesions.     

犬颈外动脉置入国产颅内动脉支架的实验研究

目的:评价国产颅内动脉支架的轴向柔顺性、径向支撑力、致血栓性、X线可见性。方法:将6只健康家犬随机分成3组,通过介入导管技术将国产支架置入犬双侧颈外动脉远端分支,分别在支架置入后10min(n=12)、1周(n=4)、4周(n=4)、24周(n=4)进行颈外动脉造影,观察支架情况并测量靶血管直径。结果:6只家犬共成功置入国产支架12个,无支架脱落、球囊破裂等。支架易于通过纡曲的颈外动脉虹吸部到达靶血管,支架扩张后靶血管扩张达到预定直径(术前与术后10min靶血管直径差异有显著性意义,P<0.05)。支架置入后10min颈外动脉造影显示血管无夹层、穿孔、撕裂等异常,靶血管内无急性血栓形成,1支靶血管远端小血管发生急性血管闭塞;支架置入后1周、4周、24周颈外动脉造影显示:靶血管开通良好,无明显狭窄,支架无移位和回缩;靶血管狭窄程度<50%,与术前相比有明显改善,透视下支架显影清晰。结论:国产颅内动脉支架具有轴向柔顺性好,可以通过纡曲血管;径向支撑力强,无移位和回缩;致血栓性低和X线可见性好等优点。     

银丝固定扩张管在喉气管狭窄修复术中的应用

目的 观察银丝固定硅胶扩张管在喉气管狭窄修复重建术中的应用。方法 回顾分析9例喉气管狭窄患者在气管内放置硅胶扩张管并用银丝固定硅胶管，3个月后白喉及气管切开口取出硅胶管的临床效果。结果 9例气管瘢痕狭窄患者术后均顺利取出银丝和硅胶扩张管，随访11个月～3年均无再狭窄发生。结论 银丝固定扩张管在喉气管狭窄修复重建术中不仅有效地起到了支撑作用，而且手术微创、易行、安全。     

气道金属支架治疗支气管结核伴全肺不张9例

目的评价气道内金属支架植入治疗支气管结核伴一侧全肺不张的疗效及安全性。方法对9例因支气管结核引起支气管管腔完全闭塞、一侧全肺不张患者,采用微波、高频电、球囊扩张加气道内金属支架植入治疗,分别在支架植入后1周及4～6个月期间观察患者气道狭窄段的腔径。结果9例支气管结核患者于支架植入后3d内,原先不张的患肺均完全复张;在支架植入7d后,原闭塞支气管的腔径恢复至(9.17±1.24)mm:9例患者中有3例出现了不同程度的肉芽增殖再狭窄,采用腔内冷冻治疗,同时配合定期的球囊扩张,可有效控制再狭窄。结论对于支气管结核所致的一侧全肺不张患者,与传统外科手术相比,腔内金属支架植入疗法可以有效地保护患者的肺功能,是有效、安全、微创的治疗方法。     

Antirestenotic Effects of a Novel Polymer-Coated D-24851 Eluting Stent. Experimental Data in a Rabbit Iliac Artery Model

Experimental and clinical data suggest that stents eluting antiproliferative agents can be used for the prevention of in-stent restenosis. Here we investigate in vitro the antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of D-24851 and evaluate the safety and efficacy of D-24851-eluting polymer-coated stents in a rabbit restenosis model (n = 53). Uncoated stents (n = 6), poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-coated stents (n = 7), and PLGA-coated stents loaded with 0.08 ± 0.0025 μM (31 ± 1 μg; low dose; n = 7), 0.55 ± 0.02 μM (216 ± 8 μg; high dose; n = 6), and 4.55 ± 0.1 μM (1774 ± 39 μg; extreme dose; n = 5) of D-24851 were randomly implanted in New Zealand rabbit right iliac arteries and the animals were sacrificed after 28 days for histomorphometric analysis. For the assessment of endothelial regrowth in 90 days, 12 rabbits were subjected to PLGA-coated (n = 3), low-dose (n = 3), high-dose (n = 3), and extreme-dose (n = 3) stent implantation. In vitro studies revealed that D-24851 exerts its growth inhibitory effects via inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis without increasing the expression of heat shock protein-70, a cytoprotective and antiapoptotic protein. Treatment with low-dose D-24851 stents was associated with a significant reduction in neointimal area and percentage stenosis only compared with bare metal stents (38% [P = 0.029] and 35% [P = 0.003] reduction, respectively). Suboptimal healing, however, was observed in all groups of D-24851-loaded stents in 90 days in comparison with PLGA-coated stents. We conclude that low-dose D-24851-eluting polymer-coated stents significantly inhibit neointimal hyperplasia at 28 days through inhibition of proliferation and enhancement of apoptosis. In view of the suboptimal re-endothelialization, longer-term studies are needed in order to establish whether the inhibition of intimal growth is maintained.     

A new self-expanding nitinol stent (Enterprise) for the treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms: initial clinical and angiographic results in 31 aneurysms

Introduction We report the results of a prospective clinical study using a new self-expanding nitinol stent (Enterprise) designed for the treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. Methods We treated 31 saccular, wide-necked intracranial aneurysms in 30 patients. Ten aneurysms had recanalized after prior endovascular treatment without a stent, and 21 aneurysms had not been treated before. Results Stent deployment was successful in all procedures. Additional coil embolization was performed in all aneurysms. Initial complete angiographic occlusion was achieved in 6 aneurysms, a neck remnant was left in 18 aneurysms and there were 7 residual aneurysms. Angiographic follow-up examinations of 30 lesions after 6 months demonstrated 15 complete occlusions, 8 neck remnants and 7 residual aneurysms. One patient refused the 6-month angiographic follow-up. Spontaneous occlusion of the aneurysm had occurred in 14 patients, and 6 aneurysms showed recanalization. Four of these residual aneurysms were retreated. At the 6-month follow-up, 29 parent arteries were unaffected, whereas two parent vessels demonstrated minor asymptomatic narrowing at the stent site. Two patients experienced one or more possible or probable device-related serious adverse events during the 6-month follow-up period. There was no procedural morbidity or mortality at 6 months after the procedure. Conclusion The reported results demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the Cordis Neurovascular Enterprise stent in the treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. Initial clinical and angiographic results are favorable. Werner Weber and Martin Bendszus contributed equally to this work.     

Spasm induced by protection balloon during carotid artery stenting

Purpose The PercuSurge system is a distal balloon embolic protection device used for carotid artery stenting (CAS). We performed a retrospective study on the prognosis and clinical effects of spasms induced by the PercuSurge GuardWire system (PercuSurge-induced spasm). Materials and methods We performed CAS in 118 carotid stenoses using the PercuSurge system. Of the 118 procedures, 31 (26.3%) of the patients experienced PercuSurge-induced spasm, and all underwent postoperative follow-up studies by cerebral angiography and antiplatelet treatment. Results On follow-up angiograms obtained a mean of 5.2 months (range 3–10 months) after CAS, all 31 PercuSurge-induced spasms had disappeared, and no delayed stenosis was found at the sites where the spasms had occurred. No ischemic events due to the spasms occurred during a mean follow-up of 13 months (range 3–32 months). Conclusion In the hands of physicians experienced in endovascular surgery, CAS using the PercuSurge system is a safe method with which to treat patients with carotid stenosis. Our study demonstrated that PercuSurge-induced spasms had no morphological or clinical adverse effects.     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影评价冠状动脉支架再狭窄

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉支架再狭窄评价的准确性.方法 采用西门子SOMATOM SENSATION CARDIAC 64层螺旋CT对59例冠脉支架植入后患者(共计112枚支架)行CT冠状动脉造影,以冠状动脉造影结果为金标准,分析检测的灵敏度、特异度等指标.结果 64层螺旋CT显示植入的112枚支架中109枚支架内腔得到清晰显示,总显示率97.3%(109/112).12处中、重度狭窄,多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影诊断正确10处;15处轻度狭窄,多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影正确5处,误诊10处,无漏诊.再狭窄诊断的灵敏度83.3%(10/12),特异度99%(99/100),阳性预测值90.9%(16/24),阴性预测值98%(99/101),准确率97.3%(109/112).结论 64层螺旋CT对冠状动脉支架再狭窄诊断有较高的准确性,可作为一种无创性检查用于支架术后的随访.     

应用冠脉血管内超声评价药物涂层支架置放后再狭窄及血管内膜增生

目的应用冠脉内超声测量支架置入6个月后内膜增生厚度,准确比较不同支架再狭窄率。方法选择57例药物洗脱支架(DES)置入术后4～8(6±2)个月同意复查冠脉造影及冠脉血管内超声的冠心病(CHD)住院患者,分为Cypher支架组(25例)和Firebird支架组(32例),及同期491例植入金属裸支架(BMS)CHD患者,测量支架置入后6个月时的内膜增生并进行比较。结果冠脉造影显示DES发生再狭窄Cypher组11例,Firebird组10例,裸支架组25例。再狭窄率分别为8.4%,8.9%和10.0%。DES两组差异无统计学意义,裸支架组与Cypher组及Firebird组相比较差异有显著性。冠脉内超声检查结果显示DES组中Cypher支架新生内膜面积为(1.11±0.89)mm2,支架再狭窄率(9.0±0.1)%;Firebird组为(1.13±0.08)mm2,支架再狭窄率(10.0±0.2)%。DES两组间比较差异无统计学意义。裸支架组支架新生内膜面积为(1.44±0.04)mm2,再狭窄率为(21.0±0.1)%,与DES两组比较,有显著的统计学差异(P<0.05)。支架两端的节段狭窄率DES组中近端的节段狭窄Cypher组(0.43±0.25)%与Firebird组(0.40±0.15)%都显著高于裸金属支架组(0.29±0.13)%(P<0.05)。远端的节段狭窄率,三组比较差异无统计学意义。结论应用冠脉内超声评价支架内再狭窄准确度优于冠脉造影。DES降低支架内再狭窄率明显优于裸金属支架,防止支架节段狭窄,裸金属支架可能有优势。     

癌性食管-气管瘘的带膜内支架治疗

目的评估食管带膜内支架治疗癌性食管-气管瘘的疗效。资料与方法20例癌性食管-气管瘘,15例合并肺部感染。共置入20枚食管带膜自膨式支架。结果18例一次性堵瘘成功,进食改善。14例肺部感染治愈,1例于术后1周大出血死亡。先期失败的2例,其中1例因持续肺部感染死亡,另1例禁食12天后自愈。结论食管带膜内支架置入是治疗癌性食管-气管瘘的有效方法。