Tracheal Stenosis after Tracheostomy

INTRODUCTIONTracheal stenosis is a late and usually non-life threatening complication of surgical and percutaneous tracheostomies (PDT) as well as delayed endotracheal extubation.METHODSWe undertook a retrospective review of all patients who underwent a surgical tracheostomy over a 10 year period. Patients were included in the study if they had CT or MRI imaging of the tracheostomy site both pre-operatively and six or more weeks post operatively. Patients whose imaging was not available were excluded (n = 3) as were those patients who still had a tracheostomy in situ (n = 8). In total 91 patients were included in the study. In the same period 1170 surgical tracheostomies were performed by the maxillofacial surgeons. The images were analysed by a radiologist and the degree of stenosis reported.RESULTSAll 91 patients underwent a tracheostomy with a window. 83 patients did not demonstrate any stenosis. Looking at the remaining 8 patients with stenosis: 6 patients had stenosis of less than 25%, 1 patient had stenosis between 25-50% and 1 patient had stenosis greater than 50%. Both patients with stenosis greater than 25% had more than one surgical tracheostomy.CONCULSIONWe have shown that the risk of stenosis is 8.8%, lower than often quoted in literature, and when it occurs it is likely to be symptomatic only in severe stenosis. Our main risk of stenosis was repeat surgical tracheostomies which also seems to be linked to a greater degree of stenosis.     

Biomarkers for the Prediction and Diagnosis of Fibrostenosing Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review

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脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性与汉族人群冠心病易感性的关系

目的探讨脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性与冠心病遗传易感性及冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法采用单荧光标记探针技术检测261例冠心病患者及263例正常人脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性。结果冠心病组RH基因型和H等位基因频率显著高于对照组(P<0.05和<0.01)。RH基因型、H等位基因人群冠心病风险增高(P均<0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,R92H多态性是冠心病的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。冠心病组中RH和HH基因型者总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平高于RR基因型者(P<0.05和<0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著低于RR基因型者(P<0.05)。冠心病组中,RH和HH基因型者多支血管病变率比RR基因型者明显升高(P<0.05)。结论脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2基因R92H多态性与中国汉族人群冠心病相关,携带RH、HH基因型人群发生冠心病风险较高,且与更严重的冠状动脉病变有关。     

经胸冠状动脉超声血流动力学参数评价冠状动脉狭窄程度

目的 探讨经胸冠状动脉超声(TTE)血流动力学参数评估冠状动脉狭窄程度的价值。方法 回顾性分析56例可疑冠心病患者的影像资料。测量冠状动脉正常组(无狭窄)、轻度狭窄组(狭窄率<50%)、中度狭窄组(狭窄率50%~69%)及重度狭窄组(狭窄率70%~99%)狭窄处TTE舒张期峰值流速(PDV),其远端最慢处流速(PDV_DIS)及流速比值(PDV/PDV_DIS)。并进行统计学分析。结果 TTE显示良好彩色血流的血管分支共113支;以CAG为金标准,其中冠状动脉正常组18支,轻度狭窄组19支,中度狭窄组30支,重度狭窄组46支。轻度狭窄组PDV、PDV/PDV_DIS与冠状动脉正常组差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。中度狭窄组PDV、PDV/PDV_DIS高于冠状动脉正常组(t=5.13、7.11)和轻度狭窄组(t=4.45、6.59),重度狭窄组PDV、PDV/PDV_DIS高于冠状动脉正常组(t=10.63、11.43)、轻度狭窄组(t=10.06、11.04)和中度狭窄组(t=7.07、5.17),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。PDV、PDV/PDV_DIS与狭窄率呈正相关(r=0.82、0.87,P<0.01)。诊断冠状动脉中、重度狭窄时,PDV阈值分别为40.48、58.52 cm/s,敏感度分别为86.67%、86.96%,特异度分别为86.49%、92.54%;PDV/PDV_DIS阈值分别为1.44、1.98,敏感度分别为90.00%、82.61%,特异度分别为97.30%、89.55%。结论 冠状动脉狭窄率与TTE血流动力学参数有关,PDV及PDV/PDV_DIS可用以评价冠状动脉狭窄程度。     

经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗腰椎椎间孔狭窄的早期临床疗效观察

目的 探讨经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗腰椎椎间孔狭窄引发腰腿痛的短期疗效.方法 选取2012年3月至2014年9月本院收治腰椎椎间孔处狭窄的患者30例,均选择经皮椎间孔镜下TESSYS技术治疗.术前、术后及末次随访时应用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估疼痛程度,应用日本骨科协会(JOA)评分评估腰椎功能改善情况.结果 术前及末次随访评分的比较所有患者术中即感觉症状明显缓解.VAS评分由术前(8.13±1.21)分减少至(2.81±1.49)分,JOA评分由术前(10.77±4.21)分升高至(26.30±3.55)分.结论 TESSYS技术治疗腰椎椎间孔处狭窄,有安全性高,具有手术时间短、出血少、并发症少、患者易接受等优点.     

Analysis of Renal Artery Stenosis in Patients with Heart Failure: A RASHEF Study

Background:

Previous data are controversial about the association of renal artery stenosis (RAS) with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Definition of RAS in previous studies might not be appropriate. By definition of RAS with renal duplex sonography, we investigated the association of RAS with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, we identified 164 patients with heart failure (New York Heart Association classification ≥II; left ventricular ejection fraction <50%) who had received renal duplex sonography during hospital stay. RAS was defined as renal-aortic ratio ≥3.5 or a peak systolic velocity ≥200 cm/s (or both), or occlusion of the renal artery. Categorical data of patients were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher''s exact test. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling technique was used to investigate the prognostic significance of possible predictors.

Results:

Finally, 143 patients were enrolled. Median follow-up time was 32 months (1–53 months). Twenty-two patients were diagnosed as RAS by renal duplex sonography, including 13 unilateral RAS (3 left RAS, 10 right RAS) and 9 bilateral RAS. There were more all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in patients with RAS than patients without RAS. By multivariate analysis, RAS was a significant predictor for all-cause death and cardiovascular death (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.155, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.546–11.164, P = 0.005; and HR = 3.483, 95% CI: 1.200–10.104, P = 0.022, respectively). As for composite endpoint events, including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage, rehospitalization for cardiac failure, and renal replacement therapy, only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker was significant predictor. RAS was not a significant predictor for composite endpoint events.

Conclusions:

Our data suggested that RAS is associated with a poorer clinical outcome in patients with heart failure.     

Application of Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty in Patients of Rheumatic Heart Disease Mitral Stenosis Combined with Tricuspid Regurgitation

Background:

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is frequently associated with severe mitral stenosis (MS), the importance of significant TR was often neglected. However, TR influences the outcome of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) procedure in rheumatic heart disease patients with mitral valve (MV) stenosis and tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Methods:

Two hundred and twenty patients were enrolled in this study due to rheumatic heart disease with MS combined with TR. Mitral balloon catheter made in China was used to expand MV. The following parameters were measured before and after PBMV: MV area (MVA), TR area (TRA), atrial pressure and diameter, and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). The patients were followed for 6 months to 9 years.

Results:

After PBMV, the MVAs increased significantly (1.7 ± 0.3 cm² vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 cm², P < 0.01); TRA significantly decreased (6.3 ± 1.7 cm² vs. 14.2 ± 6.5 cm², P < 0.01), right atrial area (RAA) decreased significantly (21.5 ± 4.5 cm² vs. 25.4 ± 4.3 cm², P < 0.05), TRA/RAA (%) decreased significantly (29.3 ± 3.2% vs. 44.2 ± 3.6%, P < 0.01). TR velocity (TRV) and TR continue time (TRT) as well as TRV × TRT decreased significantly (183.4 ± 9.4 cm/s vs. 254.5 ± 10.7 cm/s, P < 0.01; 185.7 ± 13.6 ms vs. 238.6 ± 11.3 ms, P < 0.01; 34.2 ± 5.6 cm vs. 60.7 ± 8.5 cm, P < 0.01, respectively). The postoperative left atrial diameter (LAD) significantly reduced (41.3 ± 6.2 mm vs. 49.8 ± 6.8 mm, P < 0.01) and the postoperative right atrial diameter (RAD) significantly reduced (28.7 ± 5.6 mm vs. 46.5 ± 6.3 mm, P < 0.01); the postoperative left atrium pressure significantly reduced (15.6 ± 6.1 mmHg vs. 26.5 ± 6.6 mmHg, P < 0.01), the postoperative right atrial pressure decreased significantly (13.2 ± 2.4 mmHg vs. 18.5 ± 4.3 mmHg, P < 0.01). The pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly after PBMV (48.2 ± 10.3 mmHg vs. 60.6 ± 15.5 mmHg, P < 0.01). The symptom of chest tightness and short of breath obviously alleviated. All cases followed-up for 6 months to 9 years (average 75 ± 32 months), 2 patients with severe regurgitation died (1 case of massive cerebral infarction, and 1 case of heart failure after 6 years and 8 years, respectively), 2 cases lost access. At the end of follow-up, MVA has been reduced compared with the postoperative (1.4 ± 0.4 cm² vs. 1.7 ± 0.3 cm², P < 0.05); LAD slightly increased compared with the postoperative (45.2 ± 5.7 mm vs. 41.4 ± 6.3 mm, P < 0.05), RAD slightly also increased compared with the postoperative (36.1 ± 6.3 mm vs. 28.6 ± 5.5 mm, P < 0.05), but did not recover to the preoperative level. TRA slightly increased compared with the postoperative, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The PAP and left ventricular ejection fraction appeared no statistical difference compared with the postoperative (P > 0.05), the remaining patients without serious complications.

Conclusions:

PBMV is a safe and effective procedure for MS combined with TR in patients of rheumatic heart disease. It can alleviate the symptoms and reduce the size of TR. It can also improve the quality-of-life and prognosis. Its recent and mid-term efficacy is certain. While its long-term efficacy remains to be observed.     

经皮途径高压球囊扩张治疗术中肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的体会

目的：探讨经皮肾顺行途径高压球囊扩张处理肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的体会。方法回顾性分析了我院从2003—2013年行经皮肾镜的患者225例,术中发现肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的患者28例,男18例,女10例,年龄24～61岁。22例患者既往有开放手术病史,6例患者有腔镜手术病史。患侧肾脏结石大小不等,均合并积水,其中肾盂积水＞5 cm者5例、2～5 cm积水17例,＜2 cm积水6例。术中先行PCNL术,最后根据顺行尿路造影的情况,采用顺行高压球囊予以狭窄段扩张。结果28例患者手术均顺利,无中转开放病例。其中5例因结石较复杂行双通道进行碎石取石,术中顺行造影发现肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄段均＜1．5 cm,无闭锁患者,狭窄段斑马导丝均可通过,手术时间55～169 min,平均109 min。术中留置2条双“J”管23例,5例置入1条双“J”管。术后1例第4天肾脏出血,保守无效后选用选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗痊愈,所有患者均痊愈出院。手术后随访6～32个月,失访1例,肾积水明显减少23例;肾积水无明显变化2例,再狭窄2例,总治愈率为25／28（89．28％）。结论经皮肾镜术中发现肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄,拟先行处理肾结石,后根据狭窄段情况行狭窄段扩张,高压球囊扩张是安全有效的方法。     

不同剂量阿托伐他汀在症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄中的影像学评估

目的 观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀在症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial arterial stenosis,ICAS）中的疗效。方法 选择120例症状性ICAS患者,采用随机表法,分为低剂量组（10 mg/d）、标准剂量组（20 mg/d）和强化组（40 mg/d）,每组患者各40例。临床随访52周,观察治疗前后脑血流灌注值及血管狭窄程度的变化,评价强化降脂疗效。结果 三组在治疗后26周和52周,相对脑血流量（rCBF）、相对脑血容量（rCBV）较治疗前均明显升高;低剂量组和标准剂量组相对达峰时间（rTTP）与治疗前比较,均有不同程度的延长,但差异无统计学意义,强化组rTTP与治疗前比较明显缩短,差异有统计学意义;强化组平均狭窄率与治疗前相比明显降低,与治疗后低剂量组和标准剂量组相比差异也有统计学意义。结论 长期他汀强化降脂治疗（40 mg/d）可以降低颅内动脉狭窄程度及提高脑血管的血流灌注。