48例规律透析患者甲状旁腺病理形态分析及8例电镜下超微结构观察

目的 探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）患者甲状旁腺组织病理形态改变与甲状旁腺激素水平、透析龄等因素的关系.方法 通过形态学观察比较,研究48例规律透析患者因SHPT切除的甲状旁腺病理学形态特征.结果 甲状旁腺激素水平与增生甲状旁腺的细胞类型无相关性,与患者性别、继发陈旧性出血及钙化程度无相关性（P＞0.05）,48例规律透析患者SHPT （95.8％,46/48）以甲状旁腺结节状增生为主,甲状旁腺继发性出血（70.8％,34/48）及钙化（62.5％,30/48）在SHPT的规律透析患者中广泛存在,透析龄的延长对钙化的程度及范围影响较大（P＜0.05）.电镜下可见增生的甲状旁腺细胞内含丰富的线粒体及核蛋白体.结论 长期规律透析患者形成SHPT时甲状旁腺内钙化灶形成及反复的出血是常见的继发性改变,结节状增生是难治性继发性甲状旁腺增生的病理形态基础.电镜下所见提示增生的甲状旁腺细胞呈高活性状态.     

Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Cysts: a Case Report

Parathyroid cysts are infrequent lesions of which most are non-functional. They are often misdiagnosed as thyroid cysts. Pre-operative diagnosis and differentiation from thyroid cysts is generally difficult. We hereby report a case that was admitted to the emergency room and was diagnosed as hypercalcemic crisis. The mass found during the neck examination was thought to be a thyroid nodule. A right total and left subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. Palpable thyroid nodule was diagnosed as cystic parathyroid adenoma postoperatively. When a cystic lesion is found in the neck of a patient, a pararthyroid cyst should be considered.     

甲状旁腺全切除加前臂自体移植术治疗肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的长期疗效

目的: 探究甲状旁腺全切除加前臂自体移植术（total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation, TPTX+AT）治疗肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（secondary hyperparathyroidism, SHPT）术后长期疗效。方法: 我院1999年1月至2017年11月行TPTX+AT的SHPT病人124例,分析术后症状改善和血钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（intact parathyroid hormones, iPTH）水平变化,以及术后复发率、持续性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率、死亡率等。结果: 术后病人临床症状均明显改善。术后1个月病人血钙、磷、iPTH及碱性磷酸酶水平均较术前明显降低（均P<0.05）,基本可长期控制在正常水平。随访至2018年5月,10例（8.06%）复发,7例（5.64%）发生持续性甲状旁腺功能低下,19例（15.32%）死亡。结论: TPTX+AT治疗SHPT能长期有效地缓解症状,改善钙磷代谢。术后复发率与持续性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率、死亡率均在较低水平。     

超声造影评估继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症结节功能

目的分析超声造影(CEUS)评估继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)结节功能的价值。方法回顾性分析16例SHPT(16枚结节),观察其CEUS特点;获取结节长宽乘积、总亮度计数(TBC)及时间-强度曲线(TIC)相关参数,包括绝对峰值强度(API)、相对峰值强度(RPI)、达峰时间(TTP)及上升支斜率(BPAS)等,分析其与全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)及钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶水平的相关性。结果二维超声声像图显示SHPT结节边界清晰,呈圆形或椭圆形,其中9枚为低回声-无回声囊实性结节,6枚为实性低回声结节,1枚呈等-低混合回声。CEUS示9枚呈高增强,相应患者血清iPTH为1 639.80(1 328.80,2 144.80)pg/ml; 7枚呈低增强,患者血清iPTH为974.20(211.00,1 221.80)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(U=53.000,P=0.023)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,iPTH与BPAS(r~2=0.341,P=0.003)、RPI(r~2=0.465,P=0.002)及TBC(r~2=0.485,P=0.002)均呈正相关,与TTP呈负相关(r~2=0.790,P=0.001),与结节长宽乘积(r~2=0.029,P=0.248)及API(r~2=0.065,P=0.175)无明显相关性;CUES参数与钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶水平均无明显相关性(P均0.05)。结论 CEUS可用于初步预测SHPT结节的分泌功能。     

成纤维细胞生长因子-23与慢性肾病患者钙磷代谢的相关性研究

目的：检测CKD3～5期患者血中成纤维细胞生长因子23（FGF-23）水平,探讨FGF-23与钙磷代谢的关系。方法：采用酶联免疫分析法（ELISA）对108例CKD3～5慢性肾脏疾病患者及20例健康志愿者进行血清全段FGF-23测定,同时测定血清25（OH）D3、iPTH、血清肌酐（Scr）、血钙（Ca2＋）、磷（P3-）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血红蛋白（Hb）、白蛋白（Alb）、C反应蛋白等指标。观察各期患者以上指标的变化,及其与FGF-23的关系。结果：（1）CKD各组患者血清FGF-23水平均显著高于对照组。CKD各期FGF-23水平逐步升高,组间差异有统计学意义。（2）Pearson相关分析结果显示：非透析组血清FGF-23水平与肌酐清除率、血红蛋白、校正血钙、血磷存在显著负相关关系（P〈0.01）;与钙磷乘积、全段甲状旁腺激素（P〈0.01）和白蛋白（P〈0.05）存在直线正相关关系。透析组血清FGF-23水平与全段甲状旁腺激素及C-反应蛋白（P〈0.01）存在正相关关系。（3）非透析组多元回归结果显示：血磷、iPTH、肌酐清除率是血清FGF-23水平的独立相关因素,其回归方程为：Y（FGF-23）=1.700＋0.106（P）＋0.048（LogPTH）-0.003（Ccr）。透析组PTH、CRP是影响FGF-23的主要变量。结论：CKD患者血FGF-23明显升高,血磷和甲状旁腺激素可能是CKD患者血FGF-23水平的调节因子。     

Predictive value of intact parathyroid hormone measurement during surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism

Background and aims In contrast to that in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, the value of intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) measurement is still unclear in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism and was, therefore, evaluated in a large cohort of patients.Patients Intraoperative iPTH measurement was performed in 153 patients with renal hyperparathyroidism (129 with terminal renal failure and 24 with functioning kidney graft). Subtotal and total parathyroidectomy were performed in 123 and 13 patients, respectively, during initial surgery. In patients with recurrent disease (17), the respective hyperfunctioning tissue was removed. Intraoperative blood samples were obtained by puncture of the internal jugular vein before preparation of the parathyroids (PTH₀) and 15 min after parathyroidectomy (PTH₁₅). iPTH was measured with the Elecsys 2010 system. Postoperative iPTH levels (PTH_post) were determined at postoperative days 1 to 3 and at week 2. Patients were arbitrarily divided in four groups according to the postoperative iPTH values: 0–25 pg/ml (group 1), 26–65 pg/ml (group 2), 66–150 pg/ml (group 3) and more than 150 pg/ml (group 4).Results The mean PTH₀ value was 869±57 pg/ml, which decreased to 167±15 pg/ml at PTH₁₅. The mean relative PTH₁₅ value was 21.6±1.7%. Postoperatively, iPTH decreased to 42±9 pg/ml. The postoperative iPTH value of the 129 patients with terminal renal failure was 25 pg/ml or less in 99 patients, 26–65 pg/ml in 11 patients, 66–150 pg/ml in eight patients and higher than 150 pg/ml in 11 patients. Two successive criteria of iPTH decrease were used: first, a PTH₁₅ of 150 pg/ml or, second, a relative PTH₁₅ of 30% less was used. Fifteen patients did not fulfil both criteria. In 13 of them (86.7%) iPTH_post was higher than 65 pg (true failure to decline). Of 114 patients who fulfilled the criteria, 108 (94.7%) had normal postoperative iPTH values (true decline). Absolute PTH₁₅ values of less than 150 pg/ml predicted normal postoperative iPTH levels in 77 of 78 patients.Conclusion A PTH₁₅ value of 150 pg/ml or less predicts operative success in patients with renal failure in 98.7% of cases, independently of the relative decay. In contrast, if the relative PTH₁₅ is higher than 30%, high postoperative PTH values are predicted with a probability of 86.7%. Although there remain some borderline cases, intraoperative iPTH measurement is accurate and also can be useful in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism.The paper was presented at the first constitutive meeting of the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) in Pisa, Italy, on 14–15 May 2004     

Hyperparathyroidism associated with thyroid pathology

BACKGROUND: The pathological association between thyroid and parathyroid gland disease is here discussed. The multiphase analyzer has revealed a new type of subclinical primary hyperparathyroidism (HPP) and the role of surgery in these cases is not clear. METHODS: This is a prospective study of all cases of thyroid disease in association with parathyroid disease treated surgically in our Institute from July 1999 to June 2001. RESULTS: Of the 221 thyroidectomies carried out, 29 patients had an elevated preoperative serum level of parathyroid hormone (PTH). An ultrasonography examination was performed on all patients and a preoperative scanning with 99Tc-MIBI on 11 of 29 patients. We examined intraoperatively 19 cases of HPP (14 parathyroid adenoma, 5 hyperplasia). In 10 cases we observed a normal size of the parathyroid gland and we did not perform a parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with elevated serum parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels before thyroidectomy should be considered candidates also for surgery to the parathyroid glands. The pathological association between thyroid and parathyroid gland diseases is not rare. We must conduct an accurate neck exploration in all these cases.     

帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的前瞻性研究

目的 观察帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）的疗效及安全性.方法 选择我科血液净化中心进行维持性血液透析治疗的13例患者,血全段甲状旁腺素（intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH）≥33 pmol/L,血钙水平＜2.55 mmol/L,钙磷乘积＜65,根据iPTH水平使用帕立骨化醇1～18 μg治疗,于每次透析治疗后给药,共观察12周.分别于治疗前及治疗后第2、4、6、8、10、12周测定患者的iPTH、血钙、血磷水平.结果 13例患者的血清iPTH水平在治疗后第2、4周已开始下降,但与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义.从治疗后第6周开始,iPTH水平与治疗前相比存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）,治疗后第12周时下降至（46.68±38.06） pmol/L,与治疗前（78.30±52.13） pmol/L比较,有统计学差异（P＜0.01）.治疗后第2、4周血钙水平升高,与治疗前比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,其中治疗后第4周时血钙水平升高尤为显著（P＜0.01）.经调整帕立骨化醇剂量后,治疗后第6周患者的血钙水平逐渐恢复正常并保持稳定,血磷、钙磷乘积水平在治疗前、后均无明显统计学差异.治疗过程中,患者耐受性良好,无相关不良反应的发生.结论 使用帕立骨化醇治疗维持性血液透析患者SHPT是有效、安全的.     

Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT1) is a common endocrine disorder, which is asymptomatic in 80% of cases. The diagnosis is ordinarily easily made, based on an inappropriately elevated parathormone level (PTH) in the face of hypercalcemia. In 85% of cases, HPT1 is due to hormone secretion from a single parathyroid gland (uniglandular disease) and the remaining patients have multiglandular disease. The best localization study is MIBI scintigraphy (methoxy isobutyl isonitrile) coupled with the results of a neck ultrasound exam (sensitivity >95%). Other investigations are reserved for patients with persistent or recurrent HPT1 post-surgery. Surgery is the only cure. The surgical approach may include a bilateral cervical exploration, a unilateral approach under local anesthesia, or focused minimally invasive (video-assisted or totally endoscopic) approaches. A decrease in PTH level measured intraoperatively of greater than 50% is predictive of cure in more than 97% of cases. Surgery is recommended even for moderate HPT1 and for very elderly patients because improvement in both the quality of life and bone density have been proven in these situations. The role of medical treatment is limited. Persistent or recurrent HPT1 requires a meticulous diagnostic approach and management in surgical centers with expertise. Persistent elevation of PTH postoperatively without hypercalcemia does not mandate further exploration. The prognosis of normocalcemic patients with elevated postoperative PTH levels remains uncertain.