Local anesthesia in reduction mastoplasty for out-patient surgery

To perform a breast reduction under local anesthesia we need a large amount of anesthetic with lasting effects. For this I use a solution of 25 cc of lidocaine, 25 cc of bupivacaine, and 1 cc of epinephrine in 350 cc of saline solution. The bupivacaine allows a 4–6-hour operation. Once the breast is infiltrated, a great amount of anesthetic is lost in the incision, in the dissection, and in the resected tissue. Thus, a low dose remains subcutaneously to be metabolized by the liver. The serum lidocaine levels are low during these operations, as demonstrated by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Under analgesic sedation the submammary sulcus and the retroglandular space are infiltrated, blocking the perforants of the intercostal nerves, under the areola, beneath the skin where the incision is made and where the aerola is placed. This procedure has been applied to many techniques of breast reduction by modifying the infiltration under the incision lines. For hypertrophy up to 1000 g, 200–300 cc of anesthetic solution is used for both breasts at one stage, while for gigantomastia, about 400 cc of anesthetic is used, infiltrating and reducing one after the other. As the blood loss is minimal and the recovery very fast, with an appropriate adhesive bandage and a soutien, the patient could be discharged in the afternoon. Our experience includes 94 reduction mastoplasties with local anesthesia, and also 74 other mastoplasties with equally good results. There were no patient complaints and, in general, they felt very comfortable, awakening without pain or side effects.     

Anesthesia practices in the united states common to in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers

Purpose: Our purpose was to characterize and describe anesthesia practice in programs performing IVF in the United States. Methods: We used a telephone survey requiring respondents to be either the program director, a physician, or a nurse familiar with the practice. Two hundred seven (78%) Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) registered programs agreed to participate. Programs were divided by geographic region and type of practice (academic versus private). Results: Ninety-one private (68%) and 41 academic (56%) programs used personnel provided by the Department of Anesthesiology. Conscious sedation was performed most commonly (95%). The remaining 5% used primarily either general, regional, or local anesthesia. Typical recovery times were 90 to 120 min. Average costs of anesthetic administration were $300–$400 and were similar among groups except for the Eastern academic programs, with a higher mean cost of $543. Programs using personnel from anesthesiology reported higher costs compared to programs utilizing their own staff ($391±15 vs $157±11; P<0.05). Complications were infrequent (<10%); no hospitalizations or serious life-threatening incidents were reported. Conclusions: A large number of programs safely used their own trained personnel to deliver anesthesia, and realized a significant reduction in cost.     

Safety, efficacy, and long-term results of a modified version of rapid opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia: a prospective study in methadone, heroin, codeine and morphine addicts

BACKGROUND: In the present study a method of rapid opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia has been evaluated regarding the safety, the efficacy in preventing withdrawal symptoms, and the long-term results. In addition, it was investigated whether the profile and severity of withdrawal symptoms depend on the type of opiate abused (methadone, heroin, codeine, morphine). METHODS: Seventy-two opiate addicts were detoxified in an intensive care unit (ICU). Anaesthesia was induced and maintained using propofol infusion. Patients were endotracheally intubated. The opiate receptor antagonist naltrexon was administered into the stomach via a nasogastric tube. Withdrawal symptoms before and after the detoxification treatment were assessed using an objective and a subjective opiate withdrawal scale (OOWS, SOWS). After detoxification patients entered a long-term naltrexone maintenance programme as well as a supportive psychotherapy programme. Vital organ function was monitored using haemodynamic and respiratory parameters as well as body temperature. RESULTS: Organ function parameters were stable during the whole treatment in all patients and no anaesthetic complications were registered. Minor side effects such as bradycardia or hypotension were observed in 20 patients. Compared to patients with pre-existing heroin, codeine, or morphine abuse respectively, patients from the methadone maintenance programme had significantly higher (P<0.01) OOWS as well as SOWS values after the treatment. Twelve months after the detoxification 49 patients (68%) were abstinent from opiates whereas 17 patients had relapsed during the period of follow-up. Six patients were lost during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia is a safe and efficient method to suppress withdrawal symptoms. This treatment may be of benefit in patients who particularly suffer from severe withdrawal symptoms during detoxification and who have failed repeatedly to complete conventional withdrawal. Methadone patients have more withdrawal symptoms than other opiate addicts.     

A catheter technique in ophthalmic regional anaesthesia. Cadaver experiments

BACKGROUND: Regional anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery is generally accomplished by peri- or retrobulbar techniques. Depending on the duration of ophthalmic surgery, reblock might become necessary. Our goal was to invent a catheter technique for ophthalmic regional anaesthesia that enables the user to administer local anaesthetics intraoperatively into the peri- or retrobulbar space continuously. METHODS: Twenty-five adult cadaver orbits of normal size and anatomy were used for the experiments. A flexible catheter was introduced transcutaneously or transconjunctivally into the extra- or intraconal space. Methylene blue solution was injected through the catheter. RESULTS: Using the same transcutaneous retro- and peribulbar technique, it was possible to introduce flexible catheters into a proper position of the cadaver orbits. The injected dye was found intra- or extraconally. CONCLUSION: Examining the spread of the dye in the orbit, we concluded that it is possible to provide ophthalmic anaesthesia for surgery through an indwelling catheter. We proved that continuous or intermittent administration of a local anaesthetic agent into the extra- or inraconal space can be achieved and this technique may allow us to maintain anaesthesia as long as it is necessary.     

Changes in rapidly extracted auditory evoked potentials during tracheal intubation

BACKGROUND: One of the problems encountered in assessment of the hypnotic level during anesthesia is the extraction of a consistent and reliable measure online and close to real time. Hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure are not, at least with the traditional single parameter versus time presentation, adequate for ensuring an optimal level of anesthesia, especially when using neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA). In the literature, it has been demonstrated that auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are able to provide two aspects relevant to determining level of anesthesia: firstly, they have identifiable anatomical significance and, secondly, their characteristics reflect the way the brain perceives a stimulus. METHODS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the AEP index based on a system identification model, the autoregressive model with exogenous input (ARX-model), and to compare it to the classical method, the moving time average (MTA). The ARX enables the extraction within 15-25 sweeps, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), whereas MTA typically needs 250-500 sweeps. The hypothesis of the present study was that since the ARX-model extracts the AEP faster than the MTA-model, the former should be able to detect changes during the brief, intense stimulus of endotracheal intubation. Twelve female patients scheduled for gynecological surgery were included in the study. Anesthesia was initiated with thiopentone and maintained with isoflurane and alfentanil. The AEP was mapped into an index (AEP-index) normalized to 100 when the individual was awake and decreasing to an average of 25 during thiopentone induced anaesthesia. The results were compared to those obtained by MTA-extracted AEP. RESULTS: During tracheal intubation 9 patients showed an increase in the ARX-extracted AEP-index larger than 15, and 6 of these patients showed an increase larger than 25 (mean increase=33, SD=18). The MTA-extracted AEP-index showed only one patient with an increase larger than 15. The ARX-extracted AEP changed significantly faster than the MTA-extracted AEP. CONCLUSION: The ARX-extracted AEP-index increases during tracheal intubation. There is a significant difference between the ARX-extracted AEP and the traditional MTA-extracted AEP, in terms of response time. In order to trace short-lasting changes in the hypnotic level by AEP, the AEP should be extracted by a method with a fast response such as the ARX-model.     

骶管阻滞麻醉在选择性绿激光前列腺切除术的应用

目的:探讨经尿道选择性绿激光前列腺切除术治疗高危高龄前列腺增生症的简单可行麻醉方法。方法:56例高危高龄前列腺增生症患者,应用2%利多卡因单次骶管阻滞麻醉,施行选择性绿激光前列腺切除术(PVP),采用疼痛分级问卷调查表及根据术中情况判断麻醉效果。结果:除1例患者术中改为硬膜外麻醉外,55例患者在骶管麻醉下成功施行手术,麻醉止痛作用起效时间:5 m in 22例;10 m in 29例;15 m in 4例。麻醉持续时间:60 m in 38例;60~180 m in 17例。疼痛抑制效果满意,麻醉满意评分为:0度48例;I度5例;II度2例。其中4例出现轻微的头晕、心慌、耳鸣等症状,其余未见明显麻醉并发症。结论:单次骶管阻滞麻醉是施行PVP的一种简单、安全和有效的麻醉方法,费用低,使PVP可在门诊完成。     

局部浸润和神经阻滞麻醉在会阴切开中的应用分析

目的 探讨会阴切开时不同麻醉方式对产妇的影响.方法 将100例产妇随机分为左侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉组(阻滞组)和局部组织浸润麻醉组(浸润组),每组50例,比较两组产妇镇痛效果、缝合时间、第四产程出血量及产后72h活动的情况.结果 浸润组在镇痛效果、缝合时间、出血量及产后的活动方面均优于阻滞组.结论 在会阴切开缝合术中应用小剂量利多卡因作阴部浸润麻醉有效减轻了产妇的切口疼痛,缩短缝合时间,减少第四产程出血量.     

Effect of Muscle Relaxants on Short-term Results of Exotropia Surgery: A Focus on Resection Procedures

Purpose

We investigated the effect of muscle relaxants (atracurium) on the outcomes of intermittent exotropia surgery under general anesthesia, with a focus on resection procedures.

Methods

Thirty four patients who underwent recession and resection (R&R) were divided into two groups: atracurium usage (group A, n=18) and no atracurium usage (group B, n=16). Patients were divided into two subgroups according to the amount of resection of the medial rectus (MR): less than 5 mm (group 1, n=13) or 5 mm and greater (group 2, n=21). Deviation angles were compared between groups and subgroups. Surgical outcome was defined as successful if distant deviation angles were equal to or less than 10 prism diopters.

Results

The overall postoperative deviation angles did not show statistically significant differences between groups A and B. However, in patients with larger MR resections (≥ 5 mm), the 1 week postoperative distant deviation was significantly larger in group A (1.8±2.6 PD) than in group B (-1.6±4.6 PD, p=0.048 by t-test). The overall undercorrection rate at 3 months postoperatively for group A was 16.7%, which was higher than that of group B (6.3%), and the difference was even larger in subgroups with larger MR resections (≥ 5 mm): 18.2% in group A and 0% in group B.

Conclusions

Patients who underwent R&R procedures under general anesthesia with a muscle relaxant tended to be less corrected than those without muscle relaxant, especially in the early postoperative period and with a larger MR resection equal to or greater than 5 mm. However, there was no significant difference in the later postoperative period.     

Tolerance of salivary gland botulinum toxin A injection under local anesthesia for the treatment of sialorrhea in children: An observational study

ObjectivesThe main objective of this study was to assess tolerance of botulinum toxin A injection into the salivary glands under local anesthesia in a pediatric population. Secondary endpoints comprised efficacy and side-effects.Material and methodsA retrospective observational study included children treated between January 2013 and March 2020 for sialorrhea and/or pharyngeal salivary congestion. Children were identified from the botulinum toxin A injection database. The study included 162 injection sessions in 55 children. Injections were performed under local anesthesia with nitrous oxide, after clinical location of the site. Epidemiological and clinical data, injection tolerance on the FLACC scale, treatment response and complications were recorded.ResultsFor submandibular gland injections, pain was absent in 81 cases, mild in 64, moderate in 4 and intense in 1. In parotid gland injections, pain was absent in 45 cases, mild in 89, moderate in 17 and intense in 1. Injection tolerance was significantly poorer (P < 0.005) in parotid than submandibular glands. Seventy-seven percent of the injections had a positive effect on sialorrhea. Fifteen patients presented transient adverse events: mainly dysphagia and paradoxical increase in sialorrhea.ConclusionSalivary gland botulinum toxin A injections in under local anesthesia were well-tolerated, safe and effective for children with sialorrhea and/or pharyngeal salivary congestion.     

不同麻醉方案对 TKA 术后深静脉血栓发生的影响

目的：对照研究连续硬膜外麻醉（CEA）和全身麻醉下人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）后深静脉血栓（DVT）的发生率,并探析其各自的临床意义。方法：分析2013年4月～2015年5月在我院接受治疗的68例患者的临床资料。将入选者随机分成 CEA 组和全麻组两组,各34例。比较两组患者的一般资料、术前术后的相关指标以及术前凝血、血小板相关指标以及 DVT 的发生率。结果：两组患者的一般资料无统计学差异。两组患者术中、术后的相关指标间差异均不明显。两组患者术前凝血与血小板比较无统计学差异。DVT 的总发生率为19.1％（13/68）,其中单纯远端血栓有12例,近端血栓有1例,无肺栓塞及髂静脉血栓患者。CEA 组的 DVT 发生率明显低于全麻组。结论：CEA 可以显著降低 TKA 后 DVT 的发生率,疗效显著。