4～6年级城市小学生沉溺电脑游戏倾向的相关因素分析

[目的]了解小学生沉溺电脑游戏倾向的影响因素。[方法]对某大城市887名4～6年级城市小学生进行无记名问卷调查。[结果]12.7%的学生有沉溺电脑游戏倾向(男生为16.4%,女生为8.4%)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,小学生沉溺电脑游戏倾向与性别、年级、某些家庭环境因素(父母亲具有大专及以上学历,未反对学生玩电脑游戏、父或母亲也玩电脑游戏、不良的家教方式、双亲关系紧张、父母与学生关系不够融洽、学生每月零用钱大于100元等)、学校环境因素(课外活动单调、要好的同学伙伴有沉溺电脑游戏倾向等)相关联。[结论]小学生沉溺电脑游戏行为的预防教育和干预应尽早开始,并需要家庭、学校、社会全方位参与和共同行动。     

马蹄形投影式结合教学游戏、顺口溜协助学习单糖构型与分子结构

应用＂马蹄形投影式＂帮助实现Fisher投影式到Haworth透视式的自然过渡,采用多媒体演示结合教学游戏帮助学生理解空间效应和原子间＂力＂的作用,并概括出单糖顺口溜,协助快速记忆单糖分子结构和判断构型。     

Eating Disorders and Their Putative Risk Factors Among Female German Professional Athletes

This study examines putative non‐sport‐specific and sport‐specific risk factors for eating disorders (ED) among groups of professional female athletes versus non‐athletes. In detail, societal pressure to be thin, its internalisation, body dissatisfaction, sports pressure and early specialisation were investigated. The cross‐sectional study included 46 aesthetic and 62 ball game sports athletes, and 108 age‐matched non‐athletes. Study methods comprised a clinical interview to detect ED and questionnaires. More athletes from aesthetic (17%) than from ball game sports (3%) and non‐athletes (2%) suffered from ED. Aesthetic sports athletes did not differ from non‐athletes in non‐sport‐specific factors but obtained higher levels than ball game sports athletes in sport‐specific variables (p < .01). All factors together accounted for 57.3% of variation in disordered eating, with sports pressure and body dissatisfaction as significant predictors. The results confirm ED risk for German aesthetic athletes and indicate the importance of sports pressure and body dissatisfaction in explaining athletes' vulnerability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Meta‐analysis of digital game and study characteristics eliciting physiological stress responses

Digital games have been used as stressors in a range of disciplines for decades. Nonetheless, the underlying characteristics of these stressors and the study in which the stressor was applied are generally not recognized for their moderating effect on the measured physiological stress responses. We have therefore conducted a meta‐analysis that analyzes the effects of characteristics of digital game stressors and study design on heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in studies carried out from 1976 to 2012. In order to assess the differing quality between study designs, a new scale is developed and presented, coined reliability of effect size. The results show specific and consistent moderating functions of both game and study characteristics, on average accounting for around 43%, and in certain cases up to 57% of the variance found in physiological stress responses. Possible cognitive and physiological processes underlying these moderating functions are discussed, and a new model integrating these processes with the moderating functions is presented. These findings indicate that a digital game stressor does not act as a stressor by virtue of being a game, but rather derives its stressor function from its characteristics and the methodology in which it is used. This finding, together with the size of the associated moderations, indicates the need for a standardization of digital game stressors.     

Designing serious video games for health behavior change: current status and future directions

Serious video games for health are designed to entertain while changing a specific health behavior. This article identifies behavioral principles that can guide the development of serious video games focused on changing a variety of health behaviors, including those attempting to decrease risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Guidelines discussed include how to develop video games that provide a solid foundation for behavior change by enhancing a player's knowledge and skill, ways in which personal mastery experiences can be incorporated into a video game environment, using game characters and avatars to promote observational learning, creating personalized experiences through tailoring, and the importance of achieving a balance between "fun-ness" and "seriousness." The article concludes with suggestions for future research needed to inform this rapidly growing field.     

医疗设备售后服务上下游对弈的再布局

近年来随着医疗器械产品采购市场竞争的加剧,许多供应商积极参与竞争投标,而在售后服务阶段厂家具有技术、人员和备件的优势,利用对服务规则和定价方面具有更大的控制权来谋取更高的利润,使得售后服务成为上游厂商和下游医院用户之间形成了博弈的＂新＂焦点。上下游博弈受到各个要素的影响,博弈存在于上下游对各个要素的控制能力之间,更是存在于一个由各个要素共同组成的综合体之间。本文提出了系列对弈的策略,并呼吁增强博弈意识、投入必要＂兵力＂和借助多方技术资源,希望能形成一个均势的态势,达到象棋中最高境界的＂和棋＂。     

我国新型农村合作医疗博弈分析研究进展

政府、定点医疗机构和农民三方利益主体间的合作博弈是新型农村合作医疗制度良好运行稳定发展的关键,通过对利益主体两两间以及筹资、监管博弈的文献综述发现,新型农村合作医疗制度处在利益失衡的状态,主要表现在"逆向选择"、"道德风险"和第三方付费监督制衡机制的缺失。政府、定点医疗机构和农民三者之间的参与约束和激励相容机制以及费用制约机制需要进一步深入研究。     

基于利益相关者理论和博弈论的公立医院利益补偿分析

应用利益相关者理论和博弈论对现实条件下公立医院利益补偿进行分析,认为公立医院利益补偿制度安排必须满足"激励相容"原则,使得政府、医院与患者的目标函数趋于一致,才能使医院、患者等利益相关者彼此的效用都最大化,从而缓解利益相关者的矛盾冲突。鉴于KP医疗集团有效的运作模式,建议在我国部分地区建立由政府主导,整合预防保健、社区医疗、住院服务及保险功能于一体的非营利性医疗集团,来解决医患利益一致性问题,达成降低医疗成本、提高医疗质量的社会目标,为医药卫生改革提供思考路径。     

情景与案例教学法在社区护理教学中的应用

本研究旨在探讨“情景教学法与案例教学法”相结合在《社区护理学》部分章节教学中的应用效果,以期能够提高《社区护理学》的教学质量,力求能够培养高层次认知技能和良好的人际沟通能力的护理人才。通过精心收集并选出合适的案例,设置仿真情景、角色扮演等手段,将理论知识演化成直观内容,变被动学习为主动探究,并以传统教学法作为对照组,比较分析二者的教学效果。研究结果显示,“情景教学法与案例教学法”相结合在《社区护理学》教学中的应用效果显著优于传统的教学法。“情景教学法与案例教学法”能够培养创造性思维和自主学习能力,利于提高实践技能与解决问题的能力,利于激发学生兴趣和培养团结协作精神,进而提高学生的综合素质。     

情景式教学在护士岗前护患沟通培训中的应用

目的 应用情景式教学方法提高新入职护士护患沟通的能力。方法 在理论授课的基础上,引入情景式教学,通过对文字案例的分析,巩固理论知识;结合影像视频,初步应用理论;临床情景模拟,将理论知识应用于实践。课程结束后,授课教师对新入职护士进行护患沟通的考核;新入职护士对课程进行评价。结果 情景式教学组新入职护士护患沟通课程的考核成绩较传统教学组明显提高（P＜0.001）,且学生对于情景式教学方式的满意度显著高于传统教学组（P =0.004）。结论 情景模拟教学能够有效的提高新入职护士的护患沟通能力。