Smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention: assessing factorial validity and structural relationships in 9th-12th grade current smokers

Smoking-related self-efficacy and beliefs about the benefits of smoking are consistently related to intention to continue smoking, a common proximal outcome in youth smoking cessation studies. Some measures of these constructs are used frequently in national and state youth tobacco surveys, despite little evidence of validity for high school smokers. Further, the association of the constructs with intention has not been demonstrated in this group. The factorial validity of the measures and the cross-sectional correlations among self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention were examined among 9th-12th grade current smokers (N=2,767, 13.8% reporting smoking >1 cigarette in the previous 30 days; mean age 16.2; 61.2% white, 6.2% Black, 17.8% Hispanic, 5.0% Asian, 3.5% other; response rate 70%) from a convenience sample of 22 Texas schools. Confirmatory factor analyses supported evidence of factorial validity for the scales in this sample. Structural equation modeling analyses suggested youth smokers have low confidence in their ability to avoid smoking, believe smoking offers emotional or social benefits, and intend to continue smoking. The scales assess smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention in this sample. Prospective studies are needed before intervention development implications are suggested.     

河南省三甲医院硕士学位护士科研能力对职业嵌入的影响:自我效能的中介作用

目的 调查硕士学位护士自我效能在科研能力与职业嵌入中的中介作用。方法 选择河南省8所三级甲等医院的397名硕士学位护士为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、护理人员科研能力自评量表、一般自我效能量表以及职业嵌入量表对其进行调查。结果 硕士学位护士科研能力得分为(82.14±19.68)分,处于高水平。科研能力、自我效能与职业嵌入均呈正相关(r=0.329,P<0.001;r=0.448,P＜0.001),科研能力总分与自我效能总分呈正相关(r=0.472,P<0.001)。自我效能在科研能力与职业嵌入之间起部分中介效应,中介效应值为0.111,占总效应的52.11%。结论 自我效能在科研能力和职业嵌入之间具有部分中介作用,医院管理者在制定硕士学位护士职业嵌入干预措施时,可以通过提升科研能力和自我效能的方式来提高其职业嵌入水平,稳定高层次护理人才队伍。     

Locus of control moderates the relationship between headache pain and depression

The aim of the current study was to triangulate qualitative and quantitative data in order to examine in greater detail the relationship between self-reported headache pain severity, depression and coping styles. Psychosocial scales, headache characteristic scales and in-depth interviews were administered to 71 adults with the diagnosis of primary headache. Regression analyses with the scales showed that greater self-reported headache pain severity was associated with higher levels of depression. A high internal locus of control weakened the relationship between the headache severity and depression variables. The qualitative data supported the relationship between pain severity and internal locus of control and, in addition, revealed that perceived efficacy of pharmacologic intervention might be a related factor. The results suggested that stronger coping skills might reduce depression among headache sufferers.     

Parenting Behavior,Mothers' Self-Efficacy Beliefs,and Toddler Performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development

The primary objective of this study was to examine parenting self-efficacy as a potential mediator of the effects of competence promoting and inhibiting parenting behavior on toddlers' scores on the Mental Scale of the Bayley. Sixty-eight predominantly middle-class mother-toddler pairs completed self-report questionnaires and toddlers were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). Parental behaviors likely to have a detrimental effect on toddlers' ability to perform effectively on the Mental Scale of the Bayley were associated with lower actual performance by toddlers through mediation by parenting self-efficacy. Specific behaviors incorporated into the Competence Inhibiting composite variable included forceful redirection of the child's attention, ignoring and reinforcing misbehavior, potentially distracting self-conscious behaviors (fidgeting and a shifting body posture), and a pronounced expression of displeasure, anger, and/or frustration in response to the child's task behavior. The effect of ignoring child misbehavior alone was also mediated by self-efficacy. Several additional significant associations were observed among the various indicators of parenting quality, parenting self-efficacy, and toddler scores on the Bayley. Finally, relations between parenting self-efficacy and various forms of parenting behavior differed based on child temperament. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

Social skills and attitudes associated with substance use behaviors among young adolescents

Purpose: To examine how adolescents’ attitudes and social skills affect current substance use and intentions to use substances in the future.

Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 2646 seventh graders in their classrooms. The questionnaire was developed to measure the frequency of tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use, anticipated use, positive attitudes toward drug use, self-efficacy to say “no,” decision-making skills, advertising-viewing skills, anxiety-reducing skills, communication skills, drug-resistance skills, perception of peer substance use, and weapon-carrying behavior. Ethnicity classified respondents as “white” or “students of color” and family structure indicated one vs. two-parent families. Data were analyzed with Spearman’s r, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression.

Results: Forty-one percent of students were minority, 50.6% female, over 90% were either 12- or 13-year-olds, and 69.9% lived in two-parent families. A multiple linear regression model demonstrated that self-efficacy to say “no, positive attitudes toward drug use, perception of peer substance use, male gender, weapon-carrying, and fighting accounted for 51% of the variation in the current use multiple substance scale. Anticipated substance use during the subsequent year was significantly associated with current substance use, positive attitudes toward drug use, self-efficacy to say ”no, drug-resistance skills, weapon-carrying, and fighting behavior. This model accounted for 73.9% of the variance in anticipated substance use.

Conclusions: In today’s world, where drug use is common, building adolescents’ drug-resistance skills and self-efficacy, while enhancing decision-making capacity, may reduce their use of illegal substances.     

The effect of training in communication skills on medical doctors' and nurses' self-efficacy. A randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of communication skills training on doctors' and nurses' self-efficacy, to explore how training courses influence the initial experience of self-efficacy and to identify determinants of health professionals' self-efficacy. METHODS: The study was conducted as a randomized trial. Clinicians in the intervention group received a 5 day communication course and the control group received no intervention. The impact of the intervention was evaluated by means of questionnaires measuring the effect of communication courses on changes in doctors' and nurses' self-efficacy. RESULTS: Clinicians who participated in the communication course improved their self-efficacy for specific communication tasks with up to 37%. The improvements remained constant for the following 6 months. The training course did not influence the initial experience of self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: Communication skills training can improve clinicians' evaluation of his or her ability to perform a specific communication task - measured as self-efficacy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Communication courses can be used to improve doctors' and nurses' ability to perform some of the essential communicative demands they are facing in daily praxis.     

不同延续护理方式对2型糖尿病患者自我效能及治疗效果的影响

目的探究不同延续护理模式对2型糖尿病患者自我效能及治疗效果的影响。方法选取2017年10月-2018年3月我院收治的在院期间血糖控制达标的2型糖尿病患者142例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为一体化组(72例)和常规组(70例),常规组采用传统延续护理模式,一体化组采用信息技术支持下医院-社区-家庭一体化延续护理模式。随访6个月后,比较2组患者血糖控制情况、自我管理效能及生活质量。结果一体化组患者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平及体质指数均较常规组降低(P<0.05);一体化组患者在饮食、运动、血糖监测和足部护理方面的自我管理效能均优于常规组(P<0.05),用药行为方面,2组得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者DSQL生活质量评分在时间及组间方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于信息化技术的医院-社区-家庭一体化延续护理模式可提高T2DM患者自我管理能力,改善患者血糖控制情况和生活质量。     

Are person-related and socio-structural factors associated with nurses’ self-management support behavior? A correlational study

Objective

To explore nurses’ self-perceived behavior of supporting patients’ self-management, and its association with person-related and socio-structural factors.

Effect of the dedicated education unit on nursing student self-efficacy: A quasi-experimental research study

Although the Dedicated Education Unit (DEU) has shown initial promise related to satisfaction with the teaching/learning environment, few studies have examined student outcomes related to the use of the DEU as a clinical education model beyond student satisfaction. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental study was to compare student outcomes from the traditional clinical education (TCE) model with those from the DEU model. Participants were students enrolled in a four-year baccalaureate program in nursing (n = 193) who had clinical education activities in one of three clinical agencies. Participants were assigned to either the DEU or a TCE model. Pre-clinical and post-clinical self-efficacy scores were measured for each group using an adapted Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995). Both groups experienced a significant increase in self-efficacy scores post clinical education. The increase in self-efficacy for the DEU students was significantly greater than the increase in self-efficacy for the traditional students. Self-efficacy is considered an important outcome of nursing education because high self-efficacy has been linked to making an easier transition from student to nursing professional. This study supports the quality of the DEU as a clinical education model by examining student self-efficacy outcomes.