海洋生物柳珊瑚的化学成分及生物活性研究进展

柳珊瑚中含有许多结构新颖、生物活性多种多样的次生代谢产物，从而引起了人们对其化学成分及药理活性研究的极大兴趣。本文综述了1998年至2001年问有关柳珊瑚中化学成分及生物活性研究的最新进展，并在此基础上对这类海洋生物潜在的药用前景进行了展望。     

慢性肾衰继发性甲旁亢iPTH水平变化的临床意义及罗钙全疗效观察

目的探讨慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)并发继发性甲状旁腺机能亢进(SHPT)血中全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平变化的临床意义及小剂量罗钙全对慢性肾衰继发甲旁亢早期的疗效观察。方法分别采用免疫放射法、苦味酸法、偶氮胂Ⅲ法、直接紫外法测定60例健康体检者和94例CRF患者血iPTH、Cr、Ca、P含量;取iPTH含量87.5～295ng/L的SHPT病人随机分为观察组和治疗组各23例,治疗组每天口服罗钙全0.25ug。结果血iPTH水平随肾功能损害的加重而逐渐升高,与Cr成正相关,P亦逐渐升高,Ca则逐渐降低;治疗组服药3个月后,血iPTH显著降低(P<0.05),Ca明显升高(P<0.05),P无显著性差异(P>0.05),观察组血iPTH显著升高(P<0.05)。结论iPTH可作为早期诊断CRF继发性甲旁亢的敏感指标且其水平与肾功能损害程度一致;口服小剂量罗钙全治疗早期SHPT的疗效与iPTH水平有关。     

The endoscopic evaluation of gastritis,gastric remnant residue,and the incidence of secondary cancer after pylorus-preserving and transverse gastrectomies

Background Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) and transverse gastrectomy (TrG) have been accepted as function-preserving procedures for node-negative early gastric cancer. It is believed that a better quality of life is guaranteed after PPG or TrG compared to that after distal subtotal gastrectomy (DSG) with Billroth type-I reconstruction. However, objective evaluations of the gastric remnant following gastrectomy have not been widely reported, and the real advantages and disadvantages of PPG or TrG over DSG remain unclear. Moreover, the risk of secondary cancer after PPG or TrG is uncertain.Methods Between 1991 and 2000, 834 DSGs were carried out in our institute for preoperatively diagnosed patients with early gastric cancer. The degree of residual gastritis and the amount of diet residue in the gastric remnant were evaluated by annual gastrointestinal endoscopic investigations prospectively for 72 patients after PPG, 95 patients after TrG, and 60 patients after DSG. These analyses were performed using the RGB classification (residue, gastritis, bile). The incidence of disease greater than or equal to grade 2 was calculated, and the time trends of the incidence for each procedure were also studied for 3 years after gastrectomy. In addition, secondary cancer cases in the gastric remnant mucosa were checked for each procedure during this period, and the incidence of secondary cancer after each operation was calculated.Results The incidence of gastritis, of grade 2 or more, found in the gastric remnant was significantly lower after PPG (1.4%) and TrG (2.1%) than after DSG (43.3%). However, the incidence of moderate or greater residue in the gastric remnant, grade 2 or more, was significantly higher after PPG (45.8%) and TrG (40.0%) than after DSG (11.7%). The analysis of time trends of gastritis and diet residue reflected the significant advantage or disadvantage for each procedure 1 year after surgery. The analysis also included these factors without consideration of elapsed time following surgery. Two patients after PPG (2.8%) and three patients after TrG (3.2%) developed secondary cancer in the gastric remnant. No DSG-treated patient showed new cancer genesis in the remaining stomach.Conclusion PPG and TrG have the advantage over DSG in preventing postoperative gastritis in the gastric remnant. On the other hand, moderate or greater diet residue in the gastric remnant is more common after PPG or TrG than after DSG. For the risk of carcinogenesis in the remnant gastric mucosa, we could not conclude that there was any apparent difference between these range-limited gastrectomies and conventional DSG. Further study is necessary to determine the significant advantages and disadvantages of using PPG or TrG.     

广州市天河区中小学生意外伤害认知情况调查

目的　了解不同年级中小学生及家长对意外伤害的认知程度和行为差别。方法　采用整群抽样的方法对学生和家长进行问卷调查。结果　 5 0 5 %的学生表示知道伤害是儿童青少年最主要的死亡原因之一。64 2 %的学生表示知道年龄在 1 2岁以下的孩子不能骑自行车。不同年级比较发现 ,某些认知和行为随年龄增长反而变差 ,尤以高中学生明显。 96 9%以上的家长认为有必要经常对孩子进行各种安全教育 ;86 8%的人经常担心孩子会发生意外伤害 ;只有 1 6 1 %的家长填写接受过有关预防儿童伤害的培训和指导。结论　多数中小学生和家长对某些意外伤害认识不足 ,应根据不同年龄阶段中小学生的生理和心理特点进行相应的安全知识健康教育 ,同时对家长也应进行广泛的宣传教育     

广州市东山区居民二次供水水池卫生学现状

目的了解广州市东山区居民二次供水水池卫生学现状,为进一步研究二次供水水池保洁时间提供部分依据。方法对112个居民二次供水水池进行问卷调查,同时进行水质检测和评价。结果33%水池盖配有锁,池盖口、溢水口、透气口安装防虫防尘网率分别为35.3%、33.9%和32.1%,办理卫生许可证率为0%,水池水质合格率为64.3%。结论居民二次供水水池卫生管理不规范,有必要制订相应的地方性生活饮用水卫生管理规范。     

中国部分地区HIV患者B′和B′/C亚型毒株tat第一外显子基因变异与HIV疾病进展关系的研究

目的 了解中国B’和B’／C亚型HIV／AIDS患者tat第一外显子的基因序列及其二级结构的特征和变异特点，探讨其与HIV-1感染疾病进展之间的关系。方法 从辽宁、吉林和云南省HIV-1感染者中选取病情呈缓慢进展的B’亚型感染者8例和B’／C亚型感染者5例，选择年龄、性别感染时间与前二者匹配的病情呈典型进展的B’亚型感染者26例和B’／C亚型感染者9例。采集外周静脉血，提取前病毒DNA，用巢式聚合酶链反应扩增HIV-1的tat基因，纯化后直接进行基因序列测定，序列编辑后翻译成氨基酸序列，进行氨基酸变异情况分析和二级结构预测。结果 B’和B’／C亚型缓慢进展者、典型进展者Tat第一外显子中发现多种氨基酸替换，但除A58T外均未显示出与病毒载量以及疾病进展的明确相关性。23N、31S、32Y、46F变异均显示出亚型特异性；Tat蛋白的二级结构未发现规律性变化。结论 中国HIV／AIDs患者tat第一外显子某些位点的基因变异，如A58T可能与病毒载量以及疾病进展有关，Tat蛋白的二级结构可能与HIV感染后的疾病进展无明显关系。     

1，25-（OH）2-D3大剂量间隙疗法治疗中重度继发性甲旁亢

目的:观察1,25-(OH)2-D3大剂量间隙疗法治疗中重度继发性甲旁亢的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析1996～2005年93例全段甲状旁素(iPTH)>500pg/ml的接受小剂量1,25-(OH)2-D3(0.25!g,每日1次,口服)治疗8周无效而改用大剂量1,25-(OH)2-D3(2!g,每周2次,口服)间隙疗法的患者资料,包括性别、年龄、平均透析年限、治疗前后iPTH、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的平均水平,1,25-(OH)2-D3的剂量、疗程。治疗过程中血清钙、磷、AKP的水平以及相关的影像学资料。结果:经口服2!g、每周2次1,25-(OH)2-D38周的治疗,有74例患者iPTH有明显下降,差异有统计学意义;19例因高钙磷乘积退出观察,疗效不明显。经B超、ECT检查发现17例甲状旁腺增生,行甲状旁腺全切加自身前臂种植术,术后疗效良好。结论:1,25-(OH)2-D3大剂量间隙疗法治疗中重度继发性甲旁亢是一种行之有效的方法。对于治疗无效患者,如有甲状旁腺增生者可考虑手术治疗。     

头孢霉AL031真菌次生代谢产物的抗菌活性研究

采用滤纸片法 ,以 11株革兰氏阳性或阴性细菌为指示菌 ,对从头孢霉AL0 31真菌次生代谢产物中分离到的 14个化合物进行了体外抗细菌活性筛选。结果表明 :新化合物 :S ( ) 5 羟基蜂蜜曲菌素、S ( ) 7 羟基蜂蜜曲菌素和已知化合物 :蜂蜜曲菌素、2 ,4 -二羟基 3,6 二甲基苯甲酸、3,6 二羟基 2 ,4 二甲基苯甲酸、琥珀酸具有广谱的抗细菌活性 ,采用杯碟法 ,以三种细菌为指示菌 ,测定了具有抗菌活性的 6个化合物的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) ,其MIC为 0 0 312 5～ 0 5mg/ml。     

The need for pharmaceutical care in the prevention of coronary heart disease: an exploratory study in acute myocardial infarction patients

AIM: To determine guideline-related pharmaceutical care issues for the prevention of coronary heart disease in hospitalised patients admitted for myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of Q-wave MI to two large teaching hospitals were studied. Relevant patient medical and drug histories, co-morbidities and total cholesterol concentrations were recorded. Primary or secondary prevention treatment prior to admission was assessed using a data collection tool of 16 criteria developed from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of adherence to defined clinical guideline criteria. RESULTS: There were 167 patients reviewed (mean age 65 years, 111 males), representing possible candidates for primary prevention (n = 98) or secondary prevention (n = 69) based on absence or presence of past history of coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. Possible primary prevention candidates: eight guideline-based criteria were developed from the SIGN guideline. There were 85 (87%) patients with a total cholesterol concentration available on admission of whom 56 (66%) had a predicted CHD risk > or = 15% and 10 (12%) had CHD risk > or = 30%. Of those with CHD risk > or = 15% 6 (11%) had been receiving an anti-platelet agent and of those with CHD risk > or = 30% only 1 (10%) was recorded as taking a statin. Of known hypertensives with CHD risk > or = 15%, 21% (5/24) were not recorded as having received treatment. Secondary prevention candidates: a further eight guideline-based criteria were developed from the SIGN guidelines. There were 42/65 (65%) candidates for aspirin documented as receiving it. There were 22/47 (47%) of those who had a total cholesterol > or = 5 mmol/l and/or known history of hypercholesterolaemia receiving a statin (representing 76% of the known hypercholesterolaemic patients identified in the community). Of statin-treated patients with a cholesterol measured on admission, 44% (7/16) had cholesterol remaining > or = 5 mmol/l. Beta-blocker use was 27/62 (44%) and ACE inhibitors use was 11/31 (36%) of those eligible. Sublingual GTN was recorded in 36/69 (52%). CONCLUSION: The study has identified opportunities for improved pharmaceutical care in primary and secondary CHD prevention among those destined to suffer an MI. Candidates for secondary prevention are potentially identifiable from community pharmacy patient medication records from which the contribution of pharmacists in primary care might be targeted. The findings were obtained during a period of evolution of the evidence-base and so they establish a baseline for future work.     

Hypercalcemic crisis in third trimenon: evaluating the optimal treatment strategy

Hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy is a rare condition and associated with increased morbidity and mortality for the mother and the unborn child. Whereas parathyroidectomy is favored during the second trimester, no clear recommendations exist for its management during the third trimenon. We here report the case of a 26-year-old woman in the 29th week of her first pregnancy, who was admitted to our clinic with hypertension, intra-uterine growth retardation and polyhydramnios. Severe hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed (total calcium 3.34?mmol/l; PTH 216?pg/ml), but no enlarged parathyroid gland could be localized by ultrasound. Treatment with calcitonin and cinacalcet could not control hypercalcemia. Therefore explorative surgery was performed and a single parathyroid adenoma was resected, resulting in normalization of serum calcium levels. The surgical procedure was tolerated well by the mother and fetus. Hypercalcemia-induced hypertension and polyhydramnios ameliorated before C-section was performed two weeks later and unrelated to the intervention. This case report underlines the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. If diagnosed in the third trimenon, an interdisciplinary approach is crucial. If medical treatment fails to sufficiently control hypercalcemia, surgical parathyroid exploration should be considered even in cases of unsuccessful localization of adenomatous parathyroid glands.