2005-2010年江苏省血吸虫病国家级监测点疫情分析

目的分析2005-2010年江苏省8个国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情状况,掌握各监测点的疫情变化趋势,为制定防治对策提供参考依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》,在江苏省设立8个监测点,开展病情、螺情等疫情纵向观察。结果2005-2010年8个监测点居民血吸虫血检阳性率、感染率整体呈下降趋势,分别由2005年的9.04%和0.22%下降至2010年的4.34%和0.02%,下降率分别为51.99%和90.91%;农民、渔民和商业服务等职业人群感染率较高,低年龄组学生感染度相对较高,未发现本地急性感染者。共调查7 466.46 hm2环境,分别查出钉螺与感染螺面积2 213.98 hm2和247.91 hm2,活螺密度和感染螺密度逐年下降,2010年未发现感染性钉螺,总体钉螺面积仍维持在较高水平。结论江苏省居民感染率处于较低水平,并呈逐年下降趋势;但对钉螺和传染源的监测和控制仍需进一步加强。     

日本血吸虫病诊断抗原研究进展

血吸虫病免疫诊断技术的发展为血吸虫病控制做出了重要贡献。血吸虫抗原检测特异性抗体是目前血吸虫病免疫诊断的常用方法,所使用的抗原可分为粗制虫源抗原、纯化虫源抗原和重组抗原。研制高敏感性、高特异性和具有早期诊断价值的抗原是免疫诊断研究的重点。本文对近年日本血吸虫病诊断抗原研究进展进行了综述。     

沼气池在血吸虫病传染源控制中的作用

目的观察沼气池对血吸虫卵、钉螺、尾蚴杀灭作用。方法将混有活血吸虫卵人粪便以模拟自然排便状态投放到沼气池入料口中,分别在7、15、30、60 d分别取出粪样进行孵化,检查虫卵的死活;在室内与室外观察沼气液对钉螺、尾蚴杀灭效果。结果以尼龙绢袋包裹方式投放后,7 d后孵化计数显示钉螺存活率仅为0.78%;沼气液浸泡7 d 1:5沼液杀灭钉螺率室内为93.33%,现场沼气原液7 d钉螺杀灭率为10.21%;室内沼气液杀灭尾蚴实验1:5沼液5 min后死亡率90%。结论沼气池对血吸虫卵及尾蚴有明显的杀灭作用。     

2006—2010年传播阻断地区血吸虫病监测投入与效果评价

目的 通过对血吸虫病传播阻断代表性地区2006-2010年血吸虫病监测工作投入与效果数据的收集和分析,探讨此类地区今后需加强的重点投入与防治措施,为监测巩固方案的修订提供参考.方法 选择浙江省江山市、富阳市,广东省清新市、三水市,福建省福清市、龙海市等6个曾为流行区的市(县),采用回顾性调查、历史文献复习法和现场调查法收集与分析2006-2010年上述3省6市血吸虫病监测工作的经费投入与疫情监测效果.结果 3省6市,2006-2010年,财政经费投入与支出总额排名:浙江省江山市最高(投入824.60万元、支出1 047.48万元),广东省清新市最低(投入14.50万元、支出15.95万元).投入-支出贴现分析显示6市中,广东2市低投入与低支出相对值较小,而与其他2省相比,无论投入与支出,绝对值相差较大.浙江2市,富阳市投入与支出平衡,江山市高投入与高支出并存,同时支出远大于投入.福建2市存在投入与支出前高后低现象且逐年减少.疫情监测结果显示,人群平均血检阳性率为0.67％,广东省三水市最高(1.46％),浙江省富阳市最低(0.03％);血检阳性人群虫卵平均阳性率为1.04％(4/383).查出4例确诊病例均为福建省福清市输入性病例,血检阳性人群虫卵阳性率为7.02％(4/57),其他各市未发现粪检阳性病例.家畜查病包括耕牛查病总数6 811头,其他家畜(羊)180头,均未发现阳性.查螺总面积为4089.92 hm2(1 hm2=10 000 m2)其中福建省福清市、龙海市钉螺密度分别为0.0800只/0.1 m2、0.0040只/0.1 m2,浙江省江山市为0.001 0只/0.1 m2,其他3市未发现钉螺;6个调查市均未发现感染性钉螺.粪便管理方面,无害化厕所覆盖率以广东省三水市居首(98.73％),浙江省江山市居末(55.16％).结论 传播阻断区血吸虫病监测应采取外源性传染源监测为主,内源性传染源监测为辅的措施,同时,重点排查来自疫区的家畜,提高监测工作覆盖面.鉴于查灭螺工作投入与支出比重大,覆盖面广,应采取周期延长、环境轮换监测改进措施.部分阻断区无害化厕所覆盖率较低,存在发展为潜在传染源的可能性,需引起重视;部分地区投入较低影响监测效果有待改善.     

安徽省芜湖市2015—2019年血吸虫病疫情监测

目的 分析2015—2019年安徽省芜湖市血吸虫病监测点疫情动态变化,为制订符合当地实际的消除血吸虫病策略提供参考依据。方法 2015—2019年在芜湖市设立国家级和省级血吸虫病监测点,每年对监测点内人畜病情、螺情及野粪污染情况开展监测,对逐年监测结果进行统计分析。结果 2015—2019年芜湖市血吸虫病监测点累计开展人群血吸虫病血清学检查82 932人次,血检阳性率为1.12%~3.29%,本地居民血检阳性率呈逐年下降趋势（χ²_趋势= 218.218,P<0.01）;血检阳性者均接受了病原学检测,未发现阳性。2015—2019年芜湖市血吸虫病监测点累计开展流动人群血清学筛查9 534人次,各年血检阳性率为0.54%~4.86%,呈逐年下降趋势（χ²_趋势= 94.286,P<0.01）;所有血检阳性者均接受了病原学检测,仅2015年发现1例阳性。2015—2019年芜湖市血吸虫病监测点逐年查出的有螺面积为438.17~671.27 hm²,平均活螺框出现率为19.48%、活螺平均密度为0.72只/0.1 m²,压碎镜检法和LAMP法检测均未发现感染性钉螺。2015—2019年在芜湖市血吸虫病监测点共捡获野粪907份,未发现血吸虫感染阳性野粪。结论 芜湖市血吸虫病疫情已呈现低度流行态势,但全市血吸虫病传播的流行因素依然存在。要继续强化以传染源控制为主的综合性防治策略,加强家畜传染源管控,提高流动人口血吸虫病监测,不断完善血吸虫病监测预警和响应体系,推进消除血吸虫病进程。     

JPG3单克隆抗体Dot-ELISA用于血吸虫病疗效考核的探讨

目的评估JPG3单克隆抗体Dot-ELISA在血吸虫病疗效考核中的应用价值。方法以吡喹酮(50mg·kg-1,顿服)治疗血吸虫病人后,采用JPG3单抗Dot-ELISA方法,追踪检测治疗后半年、1年和2年病人血清中的循环抗原(CAg),并计算其阴转率。结果治疗后半年、1年和2年病人血清中CAg阴转率分别为70.63%、80.40%和84.34%,与抗体检测方法(IHA)的阴转率分别为15.38%、27.24%和49.23%,有非常明显的差异;比较不同感染度、不同性别和不同年龄组患者之间CAg的阴转率均没有显著性差异。结论JPG3单抗Dot-ELISA在血吸虫病疗效考核中有较好的应用价值。     

MANAGEMENT OF VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE: CURRENT CONCEPTS

Introduction

The treatment of portal hypertension is complex and the the best strategy depends on the underlying disease (cirrhosis vs. schistosomiasis), patient''s clinical condition and time on it is performed (during an acute episode of variceal bleeding or electively, as pre-primary, primary or secondary prophylaxis). With the advent of new pharmacological options and technical development of endoscopy and interventional radiology treatment of portal hypertension has changed in recent decades.

Aim

To review the strategies employed in elective and emergency treatment of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic and schistosomotic patients.

Methods

Survey of publications in PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO and Cochrane databases through June 2013, using the headings: portal hypertension, esophageal and gastric varices, variceal bleeding, liver cirrhosis, schistosomiasis mansoni, surgical treatment, pharmacological treatment, secondary prophylaxis, primary prophylaxis, pre-primary prophylaxis.

Conclusion

Pre-primary prophylaxis doesn''t have specific treatment strategies; the best recommendation is treatment of the underlying disease. Primary prophylaxis should be performed in cirrhotic patients with beta-blockers or endoscopic variceal ligation. There is controversy regarding the effectiveness of primary prophylaxis in patients with schistosomiasis; when indicated, it is done with beta-blockers or endoscopic therapy in high-risk varices. Treatment of acute variceal bleeding is systematized in the literature, combination of vasoconstrictor drugs and endoscopic therapy, provided significant decline in mortality over the last decades. TIPS and surgical treatment are options as rescue therapy. Secondary prophylaxis plays a fundamental role in the reduction of recurrent bleeding, the best option in cirrhotic patients is the combination of pharmacological therapy with beta-blockers and endoscopic band ligation. TIPS or surgical treatment, are options for controlling rebleeding on failure of secondary prophylaxis. Despite the increasing evidence of the effectiveness of pharmacological and endoscopic treatment in schistosomotic patients, surgical therapy still plays an important role in secondary prophylaxis.     

Genetic polymorphisms in NQO1 and SOD2: Interactions with smoking,schistosoma infection,and bladder cancer risk in Egypt

BackgroundBladder cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in men among Egyptians, for whom tobacco smoke exposure and Schistosoma haematobium (SH) infection are the major risk factors. We hypothesized that functional polymorphisms in NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), modulators of the effects of reactive oxidative species, can influence an individual's susceptibility to these carcinogenic exposures and hence the risk of bladder cancer.MethodsWe assessed the effects of potential interactions between functional polymorphisms in the NQO1 and SOD2 genes and exposure to smoking and SH infection on bladder cancer risk among 902 cases and 804 population-based controls in Egypt. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) 95%.ResultsWater pipe and cigarette smoking were more strongly associated with cancer risk among individuals with the TT genotype for SOD2 (OR [CI 95%] = 4.41 [1.86–10.42]) as compared with those with the CC genotype (OR [CI 95%] = 2.26 [0.97–6.74]). Conversely, the risk associated with SH infection was higher among the latter (OR [CI 95%] = 3.59 [2.21–5.84]) than among the former (OR [CI 95%] = 1.86 [1.33–2.60]). Polymorphisms in NQO1 genotype showed a similar pattern, but to a much lesser extent. The highest odds for having bladder cancer following SH infection were observed among individuals with the CC genotypes for both NQO1 and SOD2 (OR [CI 95%] = 4.41 [2.32–8.38]).ConclusionOur findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms in NQO1 and SOD2 play important roles in the etiology of bladder cancer by modulating the effects of known contributing factors such as smoking and SH infection.     

血吸虫病网络地理信息系统软件开发及应用

目的利用网络地理信息系统（WebGIS） 技术开发江苏省血吸虫病网络地理信息系统.方法在江苏省血吸虫病地理信息系统（GIS）数据库的基础上,利用ESRI公司的ArcIMS软件开发主动式江苏省血吸虫病WebGIS.结果江苏省血吸虫病WebGIS已初步开发完成,并在江苏省血吸虫病防治研究所内部局域网试运行,实现了江苏省血吸虫病管理控制中相关的各类地理数据、属性数据、专业库、资料库数据的统一管理,提供各种查询、显示、分析、统计以及图形输出等功能.结论利用WebGIS技术开发血吸虫病GIS是可行的,为建立江苏省血吸虫病管理决策系统提供了基础.     

日本血吸虫病肝脏超声显像分析

目的提出日本血吸虫病肝脏超声显像肝实质图像的分类。方法利用原研究课题曾在洞庭湖的华容、汉寿、澧县中度流行区3个临湖自然村的居民及同期在本院住院的晚期血吸虫病人超声显像检查图像中的2918例肝脏图片,进行分类分型。结果肝实质图像有光点正常91例、增粗1757例、光斑121例、光条467例、光带482例等5类。其形状有光点正常91例、增粗1757例、光片59例、光斑62例、细条323例、粗条144例、细带280例、粗带202例等8型。结论超声显像诊断日本血吸虫病图像可分为5类8型。