Gene frequencies of platelet‐specific antigens in Croatian population

The human platelet antigens (HPA) are genetically defined polymorphisms expressed on platelet membrane glycoproteins. As platelet antigens are very important in several clinical situations and in population genetics, we used the polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) to investigate HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐5 allele frequencies in the Croatian population. The HPA frequencies obtained in 219 Croatians were: 1a–0·854, 1b–0·146, 2a–0·890, 2b–0·110, 3a–0·575, 3b–0·425, 5a–0·895 and 5b–0·105. These data are similar to the frequencies reported in most European studies with some significant differences in HPA‐2 when compared with the Dutch and German population, in HPA‐3 when compared with the Swiss population and in HPA‐5 when compared with the Finnish population. The three most common condensed HPA genotypes in the Croatian population were: HPA‐1a/a, ‐2a/a, ‐3a/b, ‐5‐a/a (0·283), HPA‐1a/a, ‐2a/a, ‐3a/a, ‐5‐a/a (0·137) and HPA‐1a/b, ‐2a/a, ‐3a/b, ‐5‐a/a (0·087). Data obtained in this study can be used for better understanding and treatment of immune‐mediated platelet disorders in our population.     

SSP在护理技能实训中的应用效果

目的：探讨在护理技能实训课程中应用SSP对高职护生评判性思维及沟通能力的影响。方法选取2009级两个班级分为实验组和对照组,实验组应用SSP进行护理技能实训,对照组按常规示教-练习模式进行护理技能实训,课程结束后采用评判性思维倾向问卷( CTDI-CV)及沟通能力测试问卷调查。结果实验组护生在评判性思维倾向总分和寻找真相、分析能力、系统化能力、认知成熟度方面的平均分及沟通能力评分上均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。结论 SSP可以提高高职护生的评判性思维能力和沟通能力。     

The expression of NA antigens in people with unusual Fcgamma receptor III genotypes

BACKGROUND: The Fcgamma receptor IIIb (FcgammaRIIIB) genes that encode neutrophil-specific antigens NA1 and NA2 differ at 5 nucleotides (nts); in 4, the result is an amino acid (AA) difference between the two alleles. The role of each of these differences in antigen expression is not known. Persons with FcgammaRIIIB genes that differ from NA1-FcgammaRIIIB and NA2-FcgammaRIIIB by 1 nt have been described. This study compared NA1 and NA2 expression on granulocytes in persons with variant FcgammaRIIIB genes and in healthy blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Reactions of NA1- and NA2-specific MoAbs and alloantibodies with granulocytes were assessed by flow cytometry in 74 healthy blood donors and 6 persons with known variant FcgammaRIIIB genes. The granulocytes were tested with 1 NA1-specific MoAb, 1 NA2-specific MoAb, 4 NA1-specific alloantibodies, and 4 NA2-specific alloantibodies. RESULTS: Analysis of granulocytes from persons with variant NA genotypes found that single-base substitutions in FcgammaRIIIB at 141 and at 349 are important in NA1 expression and those at 227 and 277 are important in NA2 expression. Among blood donors, neither age, sex, nor race affected the expression of NA1 or NA2. The NA2-specific MoAb reacted more intensely with granulocytes from NA2-double-dose cells than with those from NA-single-dose cells, but this was not true for the NA2-specific alloantibodies. There was no difference in the reactions of the NA1-specific MoAbs and alloantibodies with donor samples of known NA1-double-dose or NA-single-dose cells. The intensity of reactions of both the NA1- and NA2-specific MoAbs and alloantibodies were strongly correlated on double-dose cells but not on single-dose cells. In fact, granulocytes from 7 healthy blood donors, phenotyped as NA-single-dose with the MoAbs, were phenotyped as NA2-double-dose with the alloantibodies. Variations in FcgammaRIIIB are common in blacks, but 5 of the 6 donors were white. These results suggest that FcgammaRIIIB variations may be common in both whites and blacks. CONCLUSIONS: NA2 expression is affected by polymorphisms in FcgammaRIIIB 227 and FcgammaRIIIB 277, both of which are involved in an FcgammaRIIIb N-glycosylation site. Polymorphisms in FcgammaRIIIB at 141 and 349 appear more important to NA1 expression.     

Solid‐State Olefin Metathesis: ADMET of Rigid‐Rod Polymers and Ring‐Closing Metathesis

Summary: Solid‐state olefin metathesis of rigid‐rod acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymers and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) have been investigated. 1,4‐Dipropoxy‐2,5‐divinylbenzene ( 4 ) was synthesized and used in a bulk ADMET polymerization to produce oligomers of dialkoxy poly(phenylene vinylene). The reaction was continued in the solid state, effectively doubling the molecular weight. Solid‐state RCM was investigated with a variety of solid dienes and metathesis catalysts, and demonstrated in low conversions using amide diene 5 with catalysts 9 , 13 , and 14 .

     

HLA-DR位点的基因芯片分型与临床应用

目的：建立一种新型的HLA－DR位点的基因分型方法，为HLA－DR的基因分型提供一个较新的思路。方法：利用基因芯片技术HLA不同基因亚型的独特序列设计探讨，制成分型芯片；待检测样品经PCR反应标记上荧光之后，与芯片进行杂交，根据杂交产生的荧光信号值分析确定样品DR位点的基因亚型，将这一方法应用于70份标准DNA和200份医院移植供受者的HLA－DR基因分型并将部分样品进行基因测序。结果：检测结果表明HLA－DR基因分型芯片可准确分辨出DR位点等位基因30大类，耗时3h 。结论：基因芯片用HLA－DR的基因分型，分辨率高，特异性强，重复性好，操作简便，对比常规的PCR－SSP和PCR－SSO方法，HLA－DR基因芯片方法更为直观，并具有集成化优势。可以在一张芯片上同时检测HLAⅠ类的A、B位点，并实现一张芯片多人份，适合于临床应用和骨髓库，脐血库的建立。     

Combinations of HLA DR and DQ molecules determine the susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Koreans

The association of HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genes with IDDM in Koreans was assessed using 115 IDDM patients and 140 nondiabetic controls. DQB1*0201 is the only DQB1 allele positively associated with IDDM while DQB1*0602, *0601 and *0301 are negatively associated. Three DRB1 alleles (DRB1*0301, DRB1*0407 and DRB1*0901) are positively associated while four DR allele groups (DRB1*15, DRB1*12, DRB1*10 and DRB1*14) are negatively associated. However, Haplotype analyses indicated that DQB1*0302, DRB1*0405 and DRB1*0401 may confer susceptibility because the DRB1*0405-DQB1*0302 and DRB1*0401-DQB1*0302 haplotypes are positively associated with the disease. The lack of association in Koreans with the DQB1*0302 allele, which appears predisposing in studies of non-Orientals, is due to its strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the protective DRB1*0403 and *0406 alleles, while the lack of association with DRB1*0405 is because of its strong LD with the protective DQB1*0401 allele. Nine DR/DQ genotypes confer significantly increased risk to IDDM. Seven of the nine genotypes (DR3/4s, DR1/4s, DR4s/13, DR4s/8, DR4s/7, DR9/13 and DR3/9) were also found to be at high risk to IDDM in other populations, while the two others (DR1/9 and DR9/9) are only found in Koreans. Surprisingly, DR4/4 homozygotes are not associated with high risk to IDDM in Koreans. This observation can be explained by the high frequency of protective DR4 subtypes and the protective DQ alleles (0301 and 0401) associated with the susceptible DR4 alleles. Our analyses indicate that the counterbalancing act between susceptible DRB1 and protective DQB1, and vice versa, that has already been observed in Chinese and Japanese, is the major factor responsible for the low incidence of diabetes in Koreans.     

磷矿粉粒度和酸用量对过磷酸钙产品物性与质量的影响

通过实验研究不同磷矿粉粒度和酸用量对过磷酸钙产品物性和质量的影响。实验结果:磷矿粉越细,产品物性和质量越好;加酸量不足或过多,加酸不匀,均造成转化率低,产品物性不好,易结块或粘湿。     

颈椎牵引与SSP联合治疗颈椎病疗效评价

目的比较单纯颈椎牵引治疗与颈椎牵引加点刺激镇痛治疗(SilverSpikePoint,SSP)联合治疗颈椎病的疗效。方法140例颈椎病患者随机分为颈椎牵引加SSP联合治疗组(治疗组),单纯颈椎牵引治疗组(对照组);治疗进行15天,治疗前后分别利用颈椎病临床评价量表(ClinicalAssessmentScaleforCervicalSpondylosis,CASCS)对颈椎病人进行评分,对其评测结果和疗效进行统计学比较分析。结果治疗前两组CASCS评分差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),两组在治疗前后评测结果差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),治疗后两组之间评分分值差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论虽然两组治疗前后评分差异均有显著性意义,但颈椎牵引加SSP联合治疗较单纯牵引治疗效果好。     

Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Bail. is often referred to as an example of a medicinal plant with use in modern Chinese medicine. However, Schisandra chinensis first gained recognition as an adaptogen in the official medicine of the USSR in the early 1960s, principally as a result of the large number of pharmacological and clinical studies carried out by Russian scientists in the preceding two decades. Schizandra has now secured an established position within the medicine of Russia/USSR as evidenced by the inclusion of the drug in recent editions of the National Pharmacopoeia of the USSR and in the State Register of Drugs. Pharmacological studies on animals have shown that Schizandra increases physical working capacity and affords a stress-protective effect against a broad spectrum of harmful factors including heat shock, skin burn, cooling, frostbite, immobilisation, swimming under load in an atmosphere with decreased air pressure, aseptic inflammation, irradiation, and heavy metal intoxication. The phytoadaptogen exerts an effect on the central nervous, sympathetic, endocrine, immune, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal systems, on the development of experimental atherosclerosis, on blood sugar and acid-base balance, and on uterus myotonic activity. Studies on isolated organs, tissues, cells and enzymes have revealed that Schizandra preparations exhibit strong antioxidant activities and affect smooth muscles, arachidonic acid release, biosynthesis of leukotriene B(4) in leukocytes, platelet activating factor activity, carbohydrate-phosphorus metabolism, the formation of heat shock protein and polyamines, tissue respiration and oxygen consumption, and the tolerance of an organism to oxygen intoxication. In healthy subjects, Schizandra increases endurance and accuracy of movement, mental performance and working capacity, and generates alterations in the basal levels of nitric oxide and cortisol in blood and saliva with subsequent effects on the blood cells, vessels and CNS. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the efficiency of Schizandra in asthenia, neuralgic and psychiatric (neurosis, psychogenic depression, astheno-depressive states, schizophrenia and alcoholism) disorders, in impaired visual function, hypotension and cardiotonic disorders, in epidemic waves of influenza, in chronic sinusitis, otitis, neuritis and otosclerosis, in pneumonia, radioprotection of the fetoplacental system of pregnant women, allergic dermatitis, acute gastrointestinal diseases, gastric hyper- and hypo-secretion, chronic gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcers, wound healing and trophic ulcers. This review describes the considerable diversity of pharmacological effects of Schisandra chinensis reported in numerous studies carried out in the former USSR and which have been confirmed over more than 40 years of use of the plant as an official medicinal remedy. Such knowledge can be applied in the expansion of the use of Schizandra in the pharmacotherapy of European and other countries as well as for the further discovery of new drugs based on the lignans that constitute the main secondary metabolites of this plant.