免疫接种服务中一次性注射器处理方法及成本分析

利用山东省和陕西省现场调查资料,分析了2省不同层次医疗机构的一次性注射器的处理方式,并通过计算不同处理方式的成本,提出具有成本效果的一次性注射器的处理方式。结果表明:消毒/毁形、焚烧、掩埋和回收是主要的处理方法,在被调查的所有医疗机构中,没有一家医疗机构使用安全盒处理使用过的一次性注射器。由于没有使用规定的焚烧设备,实际调查结果表明,焚烧和掩埋的处理成本相对较低,是目前在村卫生室水平最适合的一次性注射器处理方法,而对于乡级和县级卫生机构而言,消毒/毁形和回收是目前较为适宜的处理一次性注射器的方法。     

Assessment of immunization as a technique to extend the chilled storage life of vacuum‐packaged lamb

The growth at — 1.5°C of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, a meat spoilage organism, was evaluated on vacuum‐packaged lamb legs obtained from animals immunized against that organism. Growth was significantly lower than that on similarly treated legs obtained from non‐immunized lambs. These findings suggest that immunization against spoilage organisms may contribute toward increasing the chilled storage life of fresh meat.     

Induction of antigen-specific isotype switching by in vitro immunization of human naive B lymphocytes

The use of in vitro immunization technology for the generation of human antigen-specific antibodies has essentially resulted in low affinity IgM antibodies, resembling an in vivo primary immune response. We now describe a detailed reproducible protocol for a two-step in vitro immunization, which yields isotype switched, antigen-specific human antibodies. The immunizing antigen was a 30aa synthetic peptide, containing both a B (15aa V3 peptide of the HIV-1) and a T helper cell epitope (15aa peptide from tetanus toxin). The immunization protocol includes: (i) a selection procedure of donors with a memory T cell response against tetatus toxoid; (ii) immunization of mature naive peripheral B lymphocytes in two distinct phases, involving a primary and a secondary step. None of the donors which were examined after primary 7immunization showed at any time an IgG anti-V3 specific antibody response, while all the donors showed an IgM response. After the secondary immunization step, anti-V3 antibodies of both IgM and IgG isotypes were detected. The switch frequency event was high among the tested donors (5/8).     

DNA mediated immunization with encoding the nucleoprotein gene of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus

The immune response to a naked plasmid DNA encoding the nucleoprotein (N protein) of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was investigated in this study. A complementary DNA of the entire N gene was amplified by RT-PCR, and inserted into a mammalian expression vector (pcDNA3.1) to construct a recombinant plasmid (pcDNA/N). To evaluate the immunogenicity of the construct, BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with different doses (50, 100 and 200 μg/mouse) of pcDNA/N twice at a 5-week interval. An optimal antibody response was achieved with 100 μg of pcDNA/N. The response lasted at least 11 weeks after primary immunization. By western blotting analysis, the antibodies specifically recognized a 47 kDa protein corresponding to the viral N protein, but they did not reveal neutralizing activity against infectious TGEV in vitro. Immunoglobulin G2a was predominant among these antibodies, which was indicative of Th1 type cell activation in pcDNA/N immunized mice. Moreover, spleen cells from these mice showed stronger immune responses than those from live vaccine or parental vector immunized mice. These results suggest that the construct can elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses against TGEV N protein in mice.     

Distribution and phenotype of murine rotavirus-specific B cells induced by intranasal immunization with 2/6 virus-like particles

Virus-like particles containing the rotavirus (RV) internal proteins VP2 and VP6 (2/6-VLP) have been shown to induce serum and fecal antibodies as well as protection in mice after intranasal administration with a mutant of E. coli toxin, LT-R192G. To better understand the origin of fecal IgA induced by this protocol, we studied the RV-specific B cell response in systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues using a flow cytometry assay that allows quantification and phenotypic characterization of RV-specific B lymphocytes. We also assessed the RV-specific antibody-secreting cells in the spleen and intestinal lamina propria (ILP). A remarkably high frequency of RV-specific B cells was found in the respiratory lymphoid tissues and spleen, of which only a minority expressed the alpha4beta7 integrin (intestinal homing receptor). In contrast, but in accordance with alpha4beta7 expression at the induction site, a very low response was observed in intestinal lymphoid tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes and ILP), which did not increase after a second immunization. Thus, intranasal immunization with a nonreplicating antigen does not induce an important number of RV-specific B cells with an intestinal homing profile.     

Antibody response in laying hens with small amounts of antigen

Chicken antibodies offer many advantages over the traditional mammalian ones. A laying hen produces large amounts of yolk antibodies and the use of yolk antibodies eliminates the painful procedure of collecting blood from the animal. Thus, the use of chicken antibodies will reduce both the number of animals required to produce antibodies and also animal distress. Chicken antibodies also have several biochemical advantages compared to mammalian antibodies: they often increase the signal and reduce interference in many assays. However, the species chosen for antibody production have usually been mammals. This is probably due to tradition, but also to limited knowledge about the production of chicken antibodies. We studied the immune response in the chicken using small amounts of mammalian antigen, and show that a good immune response can be obtained with 0.1–1.0 μg of bovine serum albumin.     

介绍一种制备特异性TF和特异性iRNA的方法

以乙肝疫苗、人喉癌细胞膜抗原为抗原，猪脾细胞为效应细胞，经体外免疫后收集应答细胞，制备ＰＳＨＢＶ－ＴＦ ＰＳＡＣ－ｉＲＮＡ。通过抗原特异性细胞免疫功能试验证实，ＰＳＨＢＶ－ＴＦ和ＰＳＡＣ－ｉＲＮＡ都能转移特异性细胞免疫功能。采用体外免疫法制备ＰＳＨＢＶ－ＴＦ和ＰＳＡＣ－ｉＲＮＡ是可行的，并且具有诸多优点。     

Field evaluation of the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine without HBIG in newborn Vietnamese infants

A study involving more than 2,000 infants was conducted in Vietnam to assess the field effectiveness and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine given at birth, 1 month, 2 months, without concomitant hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). All received a 5 microg dose of H-B-VAX II at birth. Infants born to non-carrier mothers (Group 1; N = 1798) then received 2.5 microg doses at 1 and 2 months of age, while infants of HBeAg-negative (Group 2; N = 125) or HBeAg-positive (Group 3; N = 88) carrier mothers received 5 microg doses. No Group 1 or 2 vaccinees were infected. In Group 3, 12 (14.6%) of 82 infants did become infected (estimated efficacy 84%). 98.0-98.6% of uninfected infants who were tested for anti-HBs developed a seroprotective concentration > or = 10 IU/L. In hyperendemic Vietnam, where routine maternal screening and passive-active prophylaxis of high-risk infants with vaccine plus HBIG is not feasible, administration of vaccine alone to all newborns may control effectively HBV infection.     

结核分枝杆菌Ag85B基因疫苗免疫保护作用的初步研究

目的:研究编码结核分枝杆菌分泌蛋白Ag85B的基因疫苗pTB30m和pTB30s对免疫动物的保护作用。方法:以基因疫苗pTB30m和pTB30s肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠。免疫完成6 wk后,用5×105 CFU的MTB H37Rv毒株经小鼠尾静脉攻击感染。同时用尼龙毛柱分离基因免疫BALB/c小鼠的T细胞,并以5×106 T细胞/只小鼠过继免疫正常BALB/c小鼠,立即用105 CFU的MTB毒株经小鼠尾静脉攻击感染。4 wk后分别计数脾脏中的细菌负荷。结果:与生理盐水对照组相比较,pTB30m及pTB30s质粒免疫组BALB/c小鼠脾脏中的细菌负荷均减少,分别为0.645(log10 CFU,P<0.01)和0.839(log10CFU,P<0.001);而空质粒对照组小鼠脾脏中的细菌负荷减少较少。经质粒pTB30m和pTB30s免疫的BALB/c小鼠的T细胞,过继免疫的正常BALB/c小鼠,对攻击感染的MTB H37Rv毒株在脾脏中的增殖具有部分抑制作用。结论:pTB30s免疫的BALB/c小鼠,对MTB H37 Rv毒株攻击的保护作用优于pTB30m质粒免疫,有望进一步用于结核病的防治研究。     

体外免疫法抗MG7人源性单抗的研制及其意义

本文建立了人淋巴细胞体外致敏技术,用本文作者既往制备的鼠抗人胃癌单抗MG7作为免疫原,在体外致敏人淋巴细胞获得成功。经与本文作者在建立的人鼠种间骨髓瘤细胞系FMC-1进行人鼠人双杂交,获得一株能与鼠源性抗体反应,但不与人、羊、马、兔等其他种属动物产生的抗体相反应的人源性单抗HMG7。本文讨论了HMG7可能的应用价值,以及在人淋巴细胞体外致敏过程中应注意的几个环节。