右美托咪定不同途径给药对罗哌卡因腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞效果的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)不同途径给药方式对0.375％罗哌卡因腰丛挫骨神经联合阻滞(combined lumber plexus and sciatic nerve block,CLPSNB)效果的影响. 方法 90例CLPSNB患者按随机数字表法分为3组(每组30例):罗哌卡因组(R组),0.375％罗哌卡因50 ml行CLPSNB;罗哌卡因+Dex静脉注射组(D+R组),静脉输注Dex 1 μg/kg(输注时间10 min)同时0.375％罗哌卡因50 ml行CLPSNB;罗哌卡因局部麻醉药液混合Dex组(DR组),局部麻醉药Dex 1 μg/kg+0.375％罗哌卡因至50 ml行CLPSNB.R组和DR组同时静脉输注与D+R组相同容量的生理盐水.记录感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效时间和维持时间、术者的满意情况及副作用发生情况. 结果 3组感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);运动阻滞持续时间和首次使用镇痛药的时间DR组[(768±246) min和(1 080±300) min]、D+R组[(732±204) min和(1 050±288) min]显著长于R组[(420±126) min和(840±306) min] (P＜0.05);感觉阻滞持续时间DR组[(1008±258) min]显著长于R组[(624±216) min]、D+R组[(672±144) min](P＜0.05),而R组与D+R组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术者满意率DR组(100％)高于R组(85％)(P＜0.05).3组患者均未出现恶心、呕吐、低血压、呼吸抑制等副作用. 结论 Dex混合于0.375％罗哌卡因行CLPSNB麻醉效果及术者满意度佳.     

罗比卡因与布比卡因硬膜外麻醉剖宫产术时心电图及心肌酶的变化

目的　比较硬膜外麻醉剖宫产术时罗比卡因和布比卡因对心电图及心肌酶的影响。方法　择期剖宫产手术病人 30例 ,硬膜外麻醉时Ⅰ组 (15例 )用 0 5 %罗比卡因 ,Ⅱ组 (15例 )用0 5 %布比卡因。观察麻醉手术期间心电图P R、QRS波间期以及肌酸磷酸激酶 (CK)和同工酶 (CK MB)的变化 ,同时观察麻醉镇痛、肌松效果和不良反应。结果　两组病人P R、QRS波间期均在正常范围内 (P >0 0 5 )。两组病人CK术后 2 4h值明显高于术前 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但反映心肌受损特异性较高的CK MB则无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 ) ,两组间亦无差异 (P >0 0 5 )。麻醉效果及不良反应两组间无差异。结论　硬膜外麻醉时罗比卡因与布比卡因对心电图及心肌酶影响无明显差异     

Comparative Analysis of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine for Infiltration Analgesia for Bilateral Breast Surgery

Local anesthesia infiltration has been established as a preferred method of perioperative analgesia in many cosmetic operations. In an attempt to maximize the risk-benefit ratio of local anesthesia, a study was conducted to compare efficacy of two local anaesthetic agents. Bupivacaine was compared to ropivacaine in a bilaterally symmetrical breast surgery model. A local anaesthetic solution containing either bupivacaine or ropivacaine was infiltrated into each of the breasts of 15 patients undergoing either breast augmentation or breast reduction. Both surgeon and patient were blinded to the nature of local anaesthetic agent injected. Patients were requested to score their pain at 1, 2, 6, and 10 hours after surgery on a visual analog scale. The results were analyzed statistically using a cross-sectional time-series regression model employing the random effects option of the xtreg command from Strata Release 6 statistical software. We found that overall analgesia achieved with bupivacaine and ropivacaine infiltrations was not statistically different. The use of a higher dose of ropivacaine is likely to have removed the clinical advantage noted for the bupivacaine group. There was, however, a statistical and clinical difference in the efficacy of local anaesthetic infiltration of both agents in breast augmentation patients as compared to breast reduction patients, local anaesthetic being less effective in patients who had submuscular breast augmentation than in patients who had breast reduction. In view of these findings, it appears reasonable to recommend the use of ropivacaine in high-dose infiltration breast analgesia, as it is reported to be less cardiotoxic than bupivacaine. Serious attention needs also to be given to the adequacy of field infiltration of local anesthesia in submuscular breast augmentation.     

Lateral approach to the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa: a comparison between 1.5% mepivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ropivacaine and mepivacaine are commonly used local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blockade. The purpose of the present study was to compare onset time, quality of anesthesia, and duration of analgesia with ropivacaine 0.75% and mepivacaine 1.5% for lateral popliteal nerve block. METHODS: Fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patients scheduled for foot and ankle surgery with calf tourniquet under lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block were randomly assigned to receive 30 mL of either ropivacaine 0.75% or mepivacaine 1.5%. Time required for onset of sensory and motor block, resolution of motor blockade, onset of postsurgical pain, and time of first analgesic medication were recorded. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar with regard to demographic variables and duration of surgery. Onset of sensory and motor block was significantly shorter in the mepivacaine group (9.9 +/- 3.3 min and 14.7 +/- 3.6 min, respectively) than in the ropivacaine group (18.1 +/- 6.1 min and 23.6 +/- 5.5 min, respectively) (P < 0.001). Resolution of motor block occurred later in the ropivacaine group than in the mepivacaine group (P < 0.001), and duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in the ropivacaine group (19 +/- 3.4 h) compared with the mepivacaine group (5.9 +/- 1.1 h) (P < 0.001). Analgesic requirements were higher in mepivacaine group than in the ropivacaine group (P < 0.001). There were 2 failed blocks, one in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Both ropivacaine and mepivacaine provided effective sciatic nerve blockade. Mepivacaine 1.5% displayed a significantly shorter onset time than ropivacaine 0.75%. Postoperatively, ropivacaine 0.75% resulted in longer-lasting analgesia and less need for oral pain medication.     

婴幼儿手外科手术的麻醉处理

目的观察氯胺酮基础麻醉下施行腋路臂丛麻醉在婴幼儿手外科手术中的临床效果。方法选择婴幼儿手外科手术30例,入手术室后均肌注氯胺酮4～6 mg/Kg,待患儿入睡后行腋路臂丛麻醉,局麻药罗哌卡因浓度为0.15%,用量为1.5～2 mg/Kg,注药容量为0.8 mL/Kg。观察并记录术中麻醉效果及RR、HR、SpO2等的变化。结果全组患儿中,臂丛麻醉效果优25例,良3例,优良率达93.3%(其中有3例因上臂应用止血带,在手术开始2 h后出现肢动反应,后给予静注氯胺酮1～4次,顺利完成手术);差为2例(手术开始即需静注氯胺酮,静脉追加氯胺酮2～5次完成手术)。所有患儿术后恢复情况良好,均无麻醉并发症出现。结论在氯胺酮基础麻醉下施行腋路臂丛麻醉用于婴幼儿手外科手术,麻醉效果满意、操作方便、安全实用。     

布比卡因、罗哌卡因与芬太尼不同配伍用于连续术后硬膜外镇痛安全性探讨

目的探讨布比卡因、罗哌卡因与芬太尼不同配伍用于连续术后硬膜外镇痛的效果、并发症及安全陛。方法1600例行连续术后硬膜外镇痛的患者,按所用镇痛药物配伍不同分为：0．1％布比卡因＋5μg／ml芬太尼组（B组,n=920）和0．2％罗哌卡因＋2μg／ml芬太尼组（R组,n=680）。对两组镇痛效果（视觉模拟评分及患者对镇痛效果的满意度）、并发症和处理措施进行总结分析。结果视觉模拟评分两组无差异（P〉0．05）。患者对镇痛的满意度R组明显高于B组（P〉0．05）。并发症的发生率B组高于R组（P〉0．05）。两组内年龄≥60岁的患者低血压的发生率高于年龄〈60岁者（P〈0．05）;女性患者恶心呕吐的发生率高于男性（P〈0．05）;腰段硬膜外镇痛患者下肢乏力或麻木的发生率明显高于胸段硬膜外镇痛患者（P〈0．05）。结论布比卡因、罗哌卡因与芬太尼不同配伍均可安全有效地用于连续术后硬膜外镇痛,罗哌卡因组并发症较少,并发症的发生与镇痛药物、年龄、性别及硬膜外置管部位有关。     

程控硬膜外脉冲式输注不同剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼行阶梯式分娩镇痛对母婴的影响

目的 探讨程控硬膜外脉冲式输注不同剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼行阶梯式分娩镇痛对母婴的影响。
方法 选取拟经阴道分娩足月妊娠初产妇141例,年龄22～35岁,BMI 18.5～30.0 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为三组：对照组(C组)、阶梯式1组(S1组)和阶梯式2组(S2组),每组30例。三组均于L3-4椎间隙穿刺行硬膜外分娩镇痛,镇痛泵配方为0.08%罗哌卡因+0.5 μg/ml舒芬太尼。C组在分娩全程脉冲剂量为6 ml/h;S1组在宫口<3 cm时,脉冲剂量为6 ml/h,宫口≥3 cm时,脉冲剂量为8 ml/h;S2组在宫口<3 cm时,脉冲剂量为6 ml/h,宫口≥3 cm时,脉冲剂量为10 ml/h。记录宫口开3 cm、宫口开6 cm、宫口开全、分娩即刻产妇VAS疼痛评分。记录产程时间、镇痛泵按压次数、镇痛药使用总量、缩宫素使用情况、分娩方式、下肢运动功能(Bromage评分)及不良反应。胎儿脕出后,自全呼吸前,采集新生儿脐动脉血行血气分析,记录新生儿出生后1 min和5 min时Apgar评分。
结果 宫口开6 cm及宫口开全时S1组、S2组VAS疼痛评分明显低于C组,镇痛泵按压次数明显少于C组（P<0.05）,且S2组VAS疼痛评分明显低于S1组,镇痛泵按压次数明显少于S1组(P<0.05);S1组、S2组第一产程和总产程时间均明显短于C组(P<0.05);S2组镇痛药使用总量明显少于C组,新生儿脐动脉Lac浓度明显低于C组(P<0.05)。三组缩宫素使用率、分娩方式、Bromage评分、不良反应及新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。
结论 采用程控硬膜外脉冲式输注罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼行阶梯式分娩镇痛安全有效,且宫口≥3 cm时脉冲剂量10 ml/h镇痛效果更好,麻醉用药总量少,对母婴影响小。     

硬膜外间歇脉冲注入技术用于分娩镇痛的效果

目的 探讨硬膜外间歇脉冲注入技术（PIEB）在产妇自控硬膜外分娩镇痛中的效果及对分娩结局的影响。
方法 选择行硬膜外分娩镇痛的单胎、头位、足月妊娠产妇100例,年龄18～38岁,BMI 20～32 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组：PIEB组和连续硬膜外输注组（CEI组）,每组50例。两组镇痛药配方均为0.08％罗哌卡因＋0.4 μg/ml舒芬太尼。PIEB组参数设置：脉冲频率每小时1次,剂量10 ml,注药速率400 ml/h,单次剂量10 ml,间隔20 min。CEI组参数设置：背景输注速率10 ml/h,单次剂量10 ml,间隔20 min。记录产妇分娩镇痛前、镇痛后1、2、3、5 h、宫口开全和分娩时的VAS疼痛评分;产妇首次按压时间、按压次数、镇痛泵用药总量、镇痛时间;总产程时间、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分、产妇对分娩镇痛效果满意度评分;感觉阻滞平面达T4的例数、改良Bromage评分;以及低血压、恶心呕吐等不良反应发生情况。
结果 与分娩镇痛前比较,分娩镇痛后两组产妇VAS疼痛评分明显降低（P<0.05）。与CEI组比较,PIEB组镇痛后2、3、5 h、宫口开全、分娩时VAS疼痛评分均明显降低（P<0.05）,首次按压时间明显延迟（P<0.01）,按压次数、镇痛泵用药总量明显减少（P<0.01）。与CEI组比较,PIEB组产妇满意度评分明显增高（P<0.01）,感觉阻滞平面达T4的产妇比例明显升高（P<0.05）。两组总产程时间、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。两组低血压和恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论 PIEB可安全有效地用于产妇自控硬膜外分娩镇痛,其效果优于连续硬膜外输注,产妇满意度高,且不影响分娩结局。     

The effects of ropivacaine at clinically relevant doses on myocardial ischemia in pigs

A major risk associated with bupivacaine during myocardial ischemia is ventricular fibrillation. We investigated the influence of ropivacaine on cardiac contractility and the propensity to ventricular fibrillation before and after myocardial ischemia in a placebo-controlled pig study. Anesthetized domestic pigs were administered 1 mg·kg⁻¹ of ropivacaine intravenously over 1 min and then 0.03 mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ as a 30-min infusion, or saline. The following endpoints were measured before and after ropivacaine administration: (1) the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) before and during myocardial ischemia induced by total transient ligation of the anterior interventricular artery and (2) electrophysiological (sinus heart rate, duration of QRS and QT intervals) and hemodynamic (blood pressure, the time derivative of left ventricular pressure [peak LV dP/dt]) parameters. Ropivacaine induced no changes in sinus heart rate, QRS, and or QT before or during ischemia. In contrast, there was a mild increase in the VFT before ischemia, which was drastically and significantly reduced during ischemia. The reduction of peak LV dP/dt during ischemia was further increased by ropivacaine. We also found that the effect of ropivacaine on the VFT was coronary blood flow-dependent, with a markedly decreased threshold in the presence of ischemia. Similar effects have been observed in humans with several other local anesthetics, as well as with class I antiarrhythmic drugs. The results of this study should be taken into account by anesthesiologists when administering ropivacaine to coronary patients.     

罗哌卡因复合不同剂量地塞米松行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在患儿上肢手术后的镇痛效果

目的 观察罗哌卡因复合不同剂量地塞米松行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞(ISBPB)对患儿上肢骨折手术后镇痛效果的影响。方法 选择上肢骨折手术患儿73例,男46例,女27例,年龄3～7岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为三组：单纯罗哌卡因组(R组,n=24)、罗哌卡因复合地塞米松0.1 mg/kg组(D1组,n=24)和罗哌卡因复合地塞米松0.2 mg/kg组(D2组,n=25),三组药液容量均为0.3 ml/kg。患儿在麻醉后行超声引导下ISBPB,均保留自主呼吸。记录痛觉阻滞时间、运动阻滞时间、阻滞后24 h内镇痛药物(布洛芬混悬液、氢吗啡酮)的使用情况。记录膈神经阻滞、Horner综合征、声带麻痹、阻滞侧感觉异常等术后并发症的发生情况。结果 D2组痛觉阻滞时间明显长于R组(P<0.05)。R组和D1组痛觉阻滞时间差异无统计学意义。三组运动阻滞时间差异无统计学意义。D1组和D2组阻滞后24 h内布洛芬混悬液使用次数、氢吗啡酮使用率明显低于R组(P<0.01),D1组和D2组差异无统计学意义。三组膈神经阻滞率差异无统计学意义。三组术后未出现其余并发症。结论 与单纯罗哌卡因比较,0.25%罗哌...