骶髂关节空心钉内固定导向器的研制及临床应用

目的 自行设计并研制一种骶骼关节空心钉内固定导向器,以期提高S1椎弓根空心钉置入的成功率及置入质量。方法 自行设计并研制的骶髂关节空心钉内固定导向器由带有测量长度的定位器、带有角度刻度表的水平面S1椎弓根空心钉置入角（TSA）、矢状面置入角(SSA)调节器及固定螺丝等组成。2006年6月至2009年10月共收治15例不稳定型骨盆骨折累及骶髂关节者,男6例,女9例;年龄19 ～ 60岁,平均45.6岁。不稳定型骨盆骨折经骶髂关节韧带3例,经骶骨Ⅰ区5例,累及骶骨Ⅱ区5例,累及骶骨Ⅲ区2例。15例患者均采用骶髂关节空心钉内固定导向器引导术中空心钉的操作,共置入18枚空心钉。结果 术后CT及X线片示18枚空心钉置入位置准确,与术前设计相比,具有相同或相近的TSA及SSA。结论 骶骼关节空心钉内固定导向器设计合理,使用方便,能提高S1椎弓根空心钉置入的准确性及置入质量,且可显著减少C型臂X线机的透视次数。     

空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折的临床研究

目的探讨空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折的效果。方法遵循生物学固定理念,应用空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折47例,按Garden分型均为Ⅱ~Ⅳ型。术中在C臂X线透视下闭合复位、呈三角形拧入三枚空心加压螺钉。结果经2.5~4年随访,骨折愈合时间为4~12个月,平均5.8个月;骨折44例愈合,愈合率93.6%,3例头下型发生股骨头缺血性坏死,股骨头坏死率6.4%。根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准,优35例,良8例,优良率91.5%;可1例(2.1%),差3例(6.4%)。结论空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折,具有手术创伤小,操作简单,固定牢靠,骨折愈合率高,并发症少等优点,是生物学固定理念的具体应用     

109例股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉内周定术并发症及处理对策

目的探讨股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉内固定术后并发症及相应处理对策,为临床更好地治疗该类疾病提供依据。方法对109例股骨干骨折患者行带锁髓内钉固定术,其中单纯股骨干骨折81例、股骨干骨折合并转子下骨折28例。结果远端锁钉失败18例（其中2枚远端锁钉未锁上1例、1枚远端锁定未锁上15例、锁定松动退出1例,断1枚锁钉1例）,骨折端劈裂3例,骨折延迟愈合16例,骨不连1例,膝关节屈曲受限20例,断主钉2例。结论扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折疗效较好,但需要注意术前选钉合理、术中操作规范、术后康复及时、科学。     

弹性髓内钉治疗儿童长骨干骨折疗效观察

目的探讨应用闭合复位弹性髓内钉治疗儿童长骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法选择2007年7月~2011年6月我院采用闭合复位弹性髓内钉内固定术治疗儿童四肢长骨干闭合骨折患儿134例。所有病例均记录切口长度、手术时间、骨折X线愈合时间、术后并发症及关节功能情况。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染。手术切口长度平均2.15 cm,平均手术时间为50 min。134例均获得随访,平均随访时间1.5年（1~3年）,无骨折再移位、骨折不愈合及延迟愈合,骨折愈合时间平均为7周,术后平均6个月取出内固定。有2例患儿出现钉尾带来的软组织激惹及滑囊形成,取出内固定后消失。末次随访时患侧肢体长度较健侧平均过度生长0.75 cm,骨折部位上下两个关节功能与健侧相比无明显差异,5例患儿前臂旋转功能较健侧轻度受限,未见成角畸形。结论对完全移位的儿童四肢长骨干闭合骨折,闭合复位弹性钉手术操作简单、创伤小、愈合快、预后好,应作为首选的治疗方法。     

弹性髓内钉治疗儿童股骨干骨折的护理体会

目的 探讨弹性髓内钉治疗儿童股骨干骨折的围术期护理方法.方法 将我院2010年1月至2012年6月收治的32例儿童股骨干骨折行弹性髓内钉手术,给予系统的围术期护理.结果 全部病例随访6～24个月,平均随访15个月.骨折愈合平均时间为4.4个月.结论 弹性髓内钉治疗儿童股骨干骨折具有损伤小、出血少、恢复快、并发症少等优点,配合精心的围术期护理可促进患儿康复,提高治疗效果.     

动力髋螺钉与股骨近端带锁髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折的效果比较

目的 比较动力髋螺钉(DHS)与股骨近端带锁髓内钉(PFN)内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 选取股骨转子间骨折患者88例,按照患者意愿及经济状况分为两组,A组43例行DHS内固定治疗,B组45例行PFN内固定治疗,观察两组患者的临床疗效、愈合时间及并发症的发生情况.结果 A、B两组优良率分别为95.35％、97.78％,两组优良率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.394,P＞0.05);B组愈合时间、术中出血量及并发症发生率明显低于A组(t =3.824、4.017,x2=4.552,均P＜0.05).结论 DHS、PFN治疗股骨转子间骨折均能取得较佳的疗效,但PFN与DHS相比较,可显著减少术后并发症,且愈合时间短,值得临床广泛应用.     

逆行带锁髓内针治疗股骨远段骨折

目的报告20例股骨髁间及髁上多段骨折的治疗情况。方法应用股骨逆行交锁髓内针(逆行CSH)治疗股骨远段多段骨折。结果随访8-24个月。优良为17例,一般2例,较差1例。结论由于对于累及股骨干及髁上和髁间三者的粉碎骨折尚无合适的内固定,以期用一种内固定来治疗较为复杂的骨折,并取得较满意的疗效。     

Onychomycosis--epidemiology, diagnosis and management

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nails caused by dermatophytes, yeasts or nondermatophyte molds and represents about 30% of mycotic cutaneous infections. Increasingly onychomycosis is being viewed as more than a mere cosmetic problem. In spite of improved personal hygiene and living environment, onychomycosis continues to spread and persist. The prevalence rate of onychomycosis is determined by age, predisposing factor, social class, occupation, climate, living environment and frequency of travel. Onychomycosis in immunocompromised patients can pose a more serious health problem. Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis. Previously regarded as contaminants, yeasts are now increasingly recognised as pathogens in fingernail infections, as are some moulds. Clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis is based on the patients' history; a physical examination, microscopy and culture of nail specimens. The treatment of onychomycosis has been attempted throughout the ages, but only in the last two decades have safe, effective systemic treatments been available for this chronic superficial fungal disease. Oral Griseofulvin and Ketoconazole; once the agents of choice for the treatment of onychomycosis, have been superseded by newer systemic compounds that have a higher cure and lower relapse rates, cause fewer side effects and are suitable for short-term dosing.     

Leg lengthening using intramedullay skeletal kinetic distractor: Results of 57 consecutive applications

Background

Mechanically activated intramedullary lengthening nails are advantageous over external fixator. However, difficulties with the control of the distraction rate are the main drawbacks, which may in turn cause insufficient bone regenerate.

Patients and methods

A total of 57 lengthening procedures were performed using intramedullary skeletal kinetic distractor (ISKD) nail in 53 patients (femoral = 45 and tibial = 12). Average length gain was 4.3 ± 1.6 cm. The cause of shortening was post-traumatic (n = 33), congenital (n = 20), post-tumour resection (n = 1), cosmetic femoral lengthening (n = 2) and post-correction of distal femoral varus deformity (n = 1).

Results

The desired lengthening was achieved in all patients. The mean follow-up period was 23 ± 12 months. The healing index for patients with normal bone healing was 1.2 ± 0.32 months/cm. Complications in femoral lengthening were superficial wound infection (n = 1), premature consolidation (n = 4) and insufficient bone regenerate (n = 11), while in the tibial lengthening, two developed equinus contractures, one had compartment syndrome following implantation of the nail and one insufficient bone regenerate. Furthermore, nine runaway nails and three non-distracting nails were present in the femoral lengthening. One non-distracting nail responded to manipulation under anaesthesia, one required exchange nailing and accidental acute lengthening of 3 cm took place while manipulating the third nail. Patients with femoral lengthening and those with insufficient regenerate had significantly higher distraction rates (P = 0.006 and 0.003, respectively). Six out of the nine runaway nails developed insufficient bone regenerate. In addition, 10.7-mm tibial ISKD nails were found to have lower rates of runaway nails compared with other used diameters.

Conclusion

We emphasise the rule of distraction rates above 1.5 mm/day in the development of insufficient bone regenerate. Distraction problems with these nails are mostly due to dysfunction within the ratcheting mechanism, which may be related to the diameter of the nail. New designs for mechanically activated nails with a better control mechanism for the distraction rate are required.     

Gamma钉与动力髋治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的系统评价

目的 对Gamma钉与动力髋两种器械治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效进行Mata评价.方法 计算机检MEDLINE(1990～2007.12)、EMBASE(1990～2007.12)、Cochrane图书馆(2007年第4期)、Cochrane协作网肌骨创伤组试验数据库(2007.12)和中国生物医学文献数据库(1990～2007.12).收集所有相关随机对照试验及半随机对照试验,且采用RevMan 4.2.10进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入5个随机对照试验,1个半随机对照试验.Meta分析显示,Gamma钉组股骨干骨折的发生率明显增加,[RR=5.37,95%CI(2.22,13.02),P=0.0002];全部内固定技术并发症较高,[RR=1.57,95%CI(1.05,2.35),P=0.03].结论 与动力髋组治疗股骨粗隆间骨折相比,Gamma钉组股骨干骨折的发生率明显增加,全部内固定技术并发症较高.但两种器械与术后12月内病死率的关系,以及不同地区、骨质疏松程度、骨折的分型、稳定程度等对上述指标的影响尚需更多设计严格的大样本随机对照研究进一步研究.