Meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on inhibitory control

BackgroundInhibitory control refers to a central cognitive capacity involved in the interruption and correction of actions. Dysfunctions in these cognitive control processes have been identified as major maintaining mechanisms in a range of mental disorders such as ADHD, binge eating disorder, obesity, and addiction. Improving inhibitory control by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could ameliorate symptoms in a broad range of mental disorders.ObjectiveThe primary aim of this pre-registered meta-analysis was to investigate whether inhibitory control can be improved by tDCS in healthy and clinical samples. Additionally, several moderator variables were investigated.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE database, Web of Science, and Scopus. To achieve a homogenous sample, only studies that assessed inhibitory control in the go-/no-go (GNG) or stop-signal task (SST) were included, yielding a total of 75 effect sizes from 45 studies.ResultsResults of the meta-analysis indicate a small but significant overall effect of tDCS on inhibitory control (g = 0.21) which was moderated by target and return electrode placement as well as by the task. The small effect size was further reduced after correction for publication bias.ConclusionBased on the studies included, our meta-analytic approach substantiates previously observed differences between brain regions, i.e., involvement of the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) vs. the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) in inhibitory control. Results indicate a small moderating effect of tDCS on inhibitory control in single-session studies and highlight the relevance of technical and behavioral parameters.     

Impact of new technologies on diabetes care

Technologies for diabetes management, such as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, have improved remarkably over the last decades. These developments are impacting the capacity to achieve recommended hemoglobin A1c levels and assisting in preventing the development and progression of micro- and macro vascular complications. While improvements in metabolic control and decreases in risk of severe and moderate hypoglycemia have been described with use of these technologies, large epidemiological international studies show that many patients are still unable to meet their glycemic goals, even when these technologies are used. This editorial will review the impact of technology on glycemic control, hypoglycemia and quality of life in children and youth with type 1 diabetes. Technologies reviewed include CSII, CGM systems and sensor-augmented insulin pumps. In addition, the usefulness of advanced functions such as bolus profiles, bolus calculators and threshold-suspend features will be also discussed. Moreover, the current editorial will explore the challenges of using these technologies. Indeed, despite the evidence currently available of the potential benefits of using advanced technologies in diabetes management, many patients still report barriers to using them. Finally this article will highlight the importance of future studies tailored toward overcome these barriers to optimizing glycemic control and avoiding severe hypoglycemia.     

生物安全柜的控制

生物安全柜是重要的一级屏障设备，适当的控制方式对生物安全柜的防护能力是很重要的。文中主要介绍了生物安全柜的控制要点和几种控制方式及其特点。     

深圳市全人口结核病控制实施效果评价

目的　研究深圳市实施包含非户籍人口在内的全人口结核病控制模式。方法 在全人口中推行以发现和彻底治疗传染性肺结核病为主的现代结核病控制和监测策略。结果 从1993年至2001年,登记涂阳肺结核8483例,治愈率96.3%。肺结核疫情明显下降,深圳市户籍人口涂阳患病率下降55.9%,非户籍人口涂阳患病率下降38.6%。结论 实施全人口结核病控制是必要的、可行的和科学的。     

主动呼吸控制技术(ABC)在肺癌放射治疗中的应用

目的：使用主动呼吸控制技术（aetive brething control,ABC）治疗非小细胞肺癌患者，评价呼吸运动时肺部肿瘤动度的影响及ABC技术的优势和可行性，并评价近期疗效和急性放射反应。方法：选择9例使用ABC技术联合三维造型放疗技术治疗的非小细胞系癌患者进行分析。CT定位扫描时分别采集ABC和自由呼吸（free breath.FB）状态下的图像，评价呼吸运动对肺部肿瘤动度和PTV边界的影响唾弃；并比较两种计划的DVH，放疗剂量为54-60Gy/18-20次。3Gy/次，1次/天，5天/周，定期随访，评价近期疗效及急性放射反应。结果：应用ABC技术后，隔肌的平均位移从FB时的43.5mm（20.0-32.0mm）降低为3.6mm（0.5-72.mm）,胸壁的侧方位移从FB时的3.2mm（2.8-4.0mm）降低为1.2mm（0.5-1.6mm）.PTV边界可以从FB时的1.5mm减少为0.75cm;肺的V20从21.8%降低为15.0%,减少了30.6%.中位随访6个月时,9例患者中有6例CR,3例PR.急性放射副反应都很轻微,仅为I-II.结论：在肺癌的精确放射治疗中,呼吸动度的影响不可忽视.而ABC系统可以有效的降低呼吸运动时治疗的影响,提高放疗的精确性,减少副反应.,但该系统使用较为复杂,延长了治疗的时间,个别患者不能忍受.     

消炎痛治疗宫内放环后出血

积极治疗节育手术并发症是搞好计划生育的一个重要环节。月经异常是宫内放置节育环的主要并发症，也是节育环停止使用的主要原因。近几年来本人采用消炎痛治疗官内放环后月经异常，取得了良好的效果。     

Optimal control of a revenue management system with dynamic pricing facing linear demand

This paper considers a dynamic pricing problem over a finite horizon where demand for a product is a time‐varying linear function of price. It is assumed that at the start of the horizon there is a fixed amount of the product available. The decision problem is to determine the optimal price at each time period in order to maximize the total revenue generated from the sale of the product. In order to obtain structural results we formulate the decision problem as an optimal control problem and solve it using Pontryagin's principle. For those problems which are not easily solvable when formulated as an optimal control problem, we present a simple convergent algorithm based on Pontryagin's principle that involves solving a sequence of very small quadratic programming (QP) problems. We also consider the case where the initial inventory of the product is a decision variable. We then analyse the two‐product version of the problem where the linear demand functions are defined in the sense of Bertrand and we again solve the problem using Pontryagin's principle. A special case of the optimal control problem is solved by transforming it into a linear complementarity problem. For the two‐product problem we again present a simple algorithm that involves solving a sequence of small QP problems and also consider the case where the initial inventory levels are decision variables. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

头皮冠状切口的并发症及其防治

目的：对采用头皮冠状切口所引发的并发症进行分析，探讨防治策略。方法：对我科2003-01～2006—07应用头皮冠状切口行颅颌面骨折修复重建、颌面部肿瘤切除与缺损修复、先天性颅颌面畸形矫正的221例中发生并发症的40例进行分析总结。结果：18例出现头皮麻木及感觉异常，9例有较宽切口瘢痕，6例出现脱发，4例发生颞窝凹陷，2例发生头皮下血肿，2例出现单侧面神经颞支损伤，1例发生鼻眶区肥厚。结论：头皮冠状切口具有切口隐蔽、面部疤痕不明显，显露充分的优点，但对其并发症也不容忽视。应根据具体情况选择合适的切口类型，术中精细的解剖、神经血管的良好保护以及正确的缝合方法可减少并发症的发生。     

61例流行性出血热患者临床各期血液流变学观察

通过血液流变学的检测,观察61例流行性出血热患者临床各期的改变。发现出血热患者临床各期,全血粘度的均数都高于正常对照的上限值。五期中少尿期升高不明显,发热期和多尿期明显升高。红细胞聚集指数各期均有显著性升高,提示出血热整个病程是DIC的形成过程。通过动态观察临床各期血液流变学的检测可及时正确地指导临床工作。