A case report on a child with fracture and dislocation of the upper cervical spine accompanied by spinal cord injury

Rationale:This study describes an 8-year-old boy with a C2 fracture and dislocation with a left C2–C3 articular process interlocking and spinal cord injury who underwent open reduction and internal fixation using the posterior cervical approach and achieved satisfactory results.Patient concerns:An 8-year-old boy underwent an emergency transfer from a previous hospital after a car accident.Diagnoses:Axial fracture and dislocation with spinal cord injury (American Spinal Injury Association grade C), traumatic shock, brain contusion, intracranial hemorrhage, mandibular fracture, pulmonary contusion and hemorrhage, left vertebral artery stenosis, and multiple fractures throughout the body. Radiological examination revealed a fracture of the lower edge of the C2 vertebral body, fourth-degree anterior spondylolisthesis of the C2 vertebral body, interlocking of the left C2–C3 articular processes, widening of the C2–C3 vertebral space, and occlusion of the V1 and 2 segments of the left vertebral artery.Interventions:The boy was immediately intubated and transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit for rescue treatment. However, the reduction was unsuccessful with 2 weeks of cranial traction. Thus, an open reduction was performed under general anesthesia. One month after the surgery, the boy was discharged from the hospital on foot after rehabilitation treatment.Outcomes:The boy was discharged from the hospital 1 month after surgery. At the 8-month follow-up, a radiological examination showed that the corrected C2 vertebral body fracture and dislocation were satisfactorily reduced, and the spinal cord was adequately decompressed. The internal fixation position was also good, and the spinal sequence had recovered well. In summary, except for the muscle strength of the right upper limb, which was slightly worse, the other clinical symptoms were significantly improved.Lessons:In treating cervical fracture and dislocation with unilateral facet lock, the posterior open reduction of pedicle screw and lateral mass screw internal fixation achieved satisfactory results. Consequently, treating complex cervical spine injuries in children requires an accurate diagnosis and careful treatment strategy.     

How to become Pediatric Orthopedic surgeon inEurope:a long journey offering a unique career,full of satisfactions

In most European countries,Pediatric Orthopedic (PO) surgeons graduated from an approved Orthopedic and Trauma surgery training program which lasts 5 or 6 years,depending on the country.Upon completion of the Orthopedic and Trauma surgery program,the future PO surgeon must complete an additional subspecialty training (one to two years,depending on the country) in PO surgery.The possibility to become a certified PO surgeon through the specialization in Pediatric Surgery (option Orthopedics) or through a dedicated PO surgery training program only exists in France and in Romania,respectively.Credit as active and fully responsible PO surgeon can only be claimed when the trainee has actively participated in all phases of treatment,from diagnosis to treatment,without forgetting the management of complications and the setting up of an adequate follow-up of children and adolescents with musculoskeletal disorders.     

Rapid and Severe Idiopathic Aseptic Necrosis of the Contralateral Femoral Head after Unilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty

BackgroundOsteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a multifactorial disease, and agnogenic ONFH, otherwise known as idiopathic ONFH, is rare in clinic. Idiopathic ONFH that exhibits severe necrosis and progresses extremely rapidly is called rapidly destructive hip disease (RDHD). RDHD greatly affects patients but is rarely reported in clinical practice and literature.Case PresentationIn this study, a 64‐year‐old male patient with complete collapse and necrosis of the right femoral head complicated with severe bone destruction at 10 months after left total hip arthroplasty (THA) was reported. The period from the intact structure of the right femoral head to the first discovery of its complete collapse, according to imaging results, was 7 months. The duration from the occurrence of symptoms in the right hip joint to the first discovery of complete collapse and necrosis of the femoral head was only 5 months. At present, the cause has not been determined based on medical history, symptoms, signs, imaging evaluation results, laboratory examination results, and pathological examination results, though it has been identified as severe idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femoral head with rapid progression, or RDHD. Finally, right THA was performed, and a good outcome was observed in the patient at present.ConclusionsAs a rare hip joint disease, RDHD greatly influences the normal life of patients. RDHD of the contralateral side after unilateral THA is even scarcer. Left THA may be one of the important factors accelerating the necrosis of the right femoral head. Hopefully, with this case report, more attention will be paid to the contralateral hip joint in patients undergoing unilateral THA by clinicians and rehabilitation physicians, and a clinical reference will be provided for the research on RDHD.     

胡桃楸树皮乙醇提取物的抗氧化研究

目的探讨胡桃楸树皮乙醇提取物(AEBJ)对X线照射损伤小鼠的抗氧化活性。方法将60只雄性健康昆明小鼠随机分为假照射组,照射对照组,高、低剂量照射给药组和高、低剂量单纯给药组共六个试验组,测定小鼠肝组织匀浆中H2O2与MDA的含量。结果高、低剂量AEBJ照射给药组均能抑制照射所致的H2O2的含量增高,高剂量AEBJ照射给药组能抑制照射所致的MDA含量增高,低剂量AEBJ照射给药组对照射所致的MDA含量无影响。结论胡桃楸树皮乙醇提取物对X线照射损伤小鼠具有一定的抗氧化活性。     

半球颅骨骨瓣减压术亚低温辅助治疗重型颅脑创伤临床疗效与预后观察

共1626例重型颅脑创伤患者,分别接受半球颅骨骨瓣减压术辅助亚低温治疗和传统额颞顶叶大骨瓣减压术治疗。与传统减压术组比较,骨瓣减压术辅助亚低温治疗组患者术后第1、3、5和7天时颅内压显著降低(均P<0.05)、意识恢复快(均P<0.05),且术后3个月时预后良好(均P<0.05)。表明半球颅骨骨瓣减压术辅助亚低温治疗可以显著降低重型颅脑创伤患者病残率和病死率,提高术后生活质量、改善预后。     

颞叶脑挫裂伤25例临床分析

目的探讨颞叶脑挫裂伤的CT影像特点、手术指征及手术方法,提高治疗效果.方法回顾分析25例颞叶脑挫裂伤的CT影像特点、手术指征及手术方法.结果8例保守治疗成功.6例发生脑疝后开颅,1例术中脑膨出,术后3例合并大面积脑梗死致死亡,余3例存活.11例因神志下降,侧裂池消失,环池受压或伴中线移位而早期手术,均存活.结论颞叶脑挫裂伤后早期应严密观察,适当放宽手术指征.早期CT结果示脑挫裂伤灶＋血肿体积≥20mL以上,侧裂池消失,环池受压和（或）伴中线移位,患者烦躁明显加重或已昏迷即有手术指征,尽量在脑疝发生前采取手术减压挽救生命.标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压充分,有利于改善预后.     

Post-Traumatic Epilepsy: Cellular Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment

Summary: Epilepsy complicates severe head trauma. Development of persistent seizures appears to correlate with the extent of trauma. Although early reports suggested that prophylactic administration of antiepileptic drugs would prevent epileptogenesis, controlled studies have failed to corroborate this assumption. Head trauma initiates a sequence of responses that includes altered blood flow and vasoregulation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, increases in intracranial pressure, focal or diffuse ischemia, hemorrhage, inflammation, necrosis, and disruption of fiber tracts. The presence of an intracranial hematoma has a robust association with the development of post-traumatic epilepsy. Extravasation of blood is followed by hemolysis and deposition of heme-containing compounds into the neuropil, initiating a sequence of univalent redox reactions and generating various free radical species, including superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, peroxides, and perferryl ions. Free radicals initiate peroxidation reactions by hydrogen abstraction from methylene groups adjacent to double bonds of fatty acids and lipids within cellular membranes. Intrinsic enzymatic mechanisms for control of free radical reactions include activation of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Steroids, proteins, and tocopherol also terminate per-oxidative reactions. Tocopherol and selenium are effective in preventing tissue injury initiated by ferrous chloride and heme compounds. Treatment strategies for prevention or prophylaxis of post-traumatic epilepsy must await absolute knowledge of mechanisms. Antioxidants and chelators may be useful, given the speculation that peroxidative reactions may be an important component of brain injury responses. However, potential treatment strategies involving -y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, and barbiturates need further scientific assessment.     

88例颈椎过伸性损伤手术疗效分析

目的 探讨手术与非手术治疗颈椎过伸性损伤(CWI)的疗效.方法 对88例颈椎过伸性损伤患者进行回顾性分析.其中手术组64例(颈椎前路手术减压术44例,后路减压术20例),非手术组24例.颈椎损伤神经功能恢复按Frankle分级和ASIA评分标准进行评估.结果 随访6～24个月,结果显示,两组神经功能均较治疗前有明显改善,手术组比非手术组神经功能恢复好,两组间差异有统计学意义;前路手术较后路手术神经功能恢复好.结论 手术治疗急性颈椎过伸性损伤疗效较好;而前路减压是过伸性颈椎损伤首选的治疗方法.     

鼻区 X 线解剖的探讨

目的：进一步了解中国人鼻区Ｘ线解剖细节。方法：对２３个头颅标本的鼻区照片及鼻区ＣＴ扫描，观察分析不同投照体位所得影像中各相邻的结构关系，并与２０例正常人鼻区影像进行比较。结果：（１）鼻区４５°半轴位投影，梨状孔缘线与解剖学上的梨状孔缘线有一定差异；（２）鼻骨侧位投影不可见骨性鼻中隔前缘。结论：听眶线与台面成４５°半轴位投影能更大限度暴露鼻区结构，鼻区骨折检查首选半轴位和侧位片；要区分鼻骨与上颌骨额突及周围的细致结构，ＣＴ检查是个好方法。     

分级机械脑损伤动物模型的建立

建立一新的分级机械脑损伤动物模型。方法采用自行设计的撞击装置,以撞击峰压和形变作外伤参娄,并保持较恒定的撞压时间,观察４０只猫在不同撞击水平下的脑生理,病理变化和脑含水量。结果在低撞击水平（ＰＰ０．４５ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２,ＤＦ２．５ｍｍ）,动物出现轻微脑损伤生理反应,病理改变仅局限于撞压处的脑浅层,脑含水量不增加;在中度撞击水平（ＰＰ０．６５ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２,ＤＦ３．５ｍｍ）,则出现明显脑损伤生理反应,