慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并陈旧性肺结核患者呼出气冷凝液pH变化临床分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并陈旧性肺结核患者治疗前后呼出气冷凝液(EBC)pH变化及临床意义,为有结核病史的AECOPD诊断、治疗和病情评估提供理论依据。方法随机选择AECOPD合并陈旧性肺结核患者10例(研究组)与正常健康者10例(对照组)。收集呼出气冷凝液并测定其pH值,将研究组患者治疗前后EBC pH变化与对照组EBC pH进行比较,并探讨研究组患者治疗前后EBC pH与肺功能(FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%预计值)的相关性。结果研究组治疗前、治疗后EBC pH均显著低于对照组EBC pH(均p<0.05)。研究组治疗后EBC pH较治疗前有所升高,但差别无统计学意义(p>0.05)。研究组治疗前FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC均低于治疗后,但无显著性差异(均p>0.05)。研究组治疗前后FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC均显著低于对照组(均p<0.05)。研究组治疗前后的EBC pH与肺功能(FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC)无直线相关关系(均p>0.05)。结论 AECOPD合并陈旧性肺结核患者EBC pH显著降低,气道酸化明显,经治疗后气道酸化程度虽有所改善,但改善程度不显著,提示EBC pH可能与病情严重程度存在一定相关性,但不能准确反映肺功能情况。     

气管切开患者ICU内肺部感染分析与护理对策

目的：研究气管切开患者ICU内肺部感染与护理对策。方法：选择2010年3月-2013年1月本院接诊的80例ICU内气管切开合并肺部感染患者进行研究,随机均分为实验组和对照组两组。对照组采用常规的护理措施,实验组采用系统护理方案。采用相关疗效评价标准对两组患者的护理效果进行比较分析,并对两组患者的并发症发生情况进行记录分析。结果：实验组患者护理干预的效果明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（X2=5.1647,P=0.0231）。实验组患者满意度明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（X2=6.2745,P=0.0122）。实验组患者的并发症发生率（5.0%）明显低于对照组（27.5%）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（X2=7.4397,P=0.0064）。结论：采用系统性护理干预措施对ICU内气管切开合并肺部感染患者实施护理,效果良好。     

抗结核药物致肝损害的相关因素分析

目的：探讨抗结核药物致肝损害的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析本院自2010年1月-2013年8月收治的1538例结核病患者的临床资料,分析抗结核药物致肝损害的因素,其中包括患者的性别、年龄、种族、糖尿病史、饮酒史、HBsAg、结核类型以及肝炎史等方面。结果：本组1538例患者中,发生轻度肝损伤154例（10．01％）,中度肝损伤45例（2．93％）,重度肝损伤25例（1．63％）,总损伤224例（14．56％）。HBsAg呈现阳性的患者发生肝损伤的几率明显高于阴性者,有糖尿病史和肝炎史患者发生肝损伤几率明显高于无糖尿病史和肝炎史,有饮酒史的患者发生药物性肝损伤的几率要明显高于无饮酒史患者,进行过预防性保肝治疗的患者其患病率明显低于没有进行过治疗的患者,营养状况的好坏也与患者患病的几率有关,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：在进行抗结核药物治疗时,应充分了解患者的病情、病史等,选择对患者危害性较小的抗结核药物,并采取适当的护肝措施,以尽可能减少药物性肝损害的发生,保证抗结核治疗的顺利进行。     

肺癌合并肺动脉栓塞症的CTA表现

探讨肺癌患者合并肺动脉栓塞（PE）的临床表现及CT血管成像（CTA）特点,提高对肺癌并发肺动脉栓塞的防治认识,并研究两者在临床上诊断上的相关性。方法：回顾性分析763例原发性肺癌患者的临床及影像资料,9例确诊肺动脉栓塞,同时分析其诊断及治疗相关性。结果：肺癌患者急性肺动脉栓塞的发生率约1.2%（9/763）。9例患者均静脉应用肝素和口服华法林抗凝治疗,其中2例采用了尿激酶溶栓治疗,经积极溶栓及抗凝治疗后效果良好。结论：重视肺癌合并肺栓塞的及早期诊断与治疗,CTA对肺血栓栓塞症的诊断简便、安全、准确率高,敏感性和特异性较高,是诊断肺癌合并肺动脉栓塞症的理想检查方法。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清肺表面活性蛋白D水平变化及其临床意义

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清肺表面活性蛋白D水平变化及其临床意义。方法选取COPD急性加重期患者30例、COPD稳定期患者30例及对照者30例,分别测定其血清SP-D水平,并与COPD患者严重程度进行相关分析。结果 COPD急性加重、稳定期患者血清SP-D水平均高于对照组(P0.05);COPD急性加重组患者血清SP-D水平明显高于稳定期组(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示:COPD急性加重、稳定期患者血清SP-D水平与一秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEVl%pred)均呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 COPD急性加重、稳定期患者血清SP-D水平均高于对照组,血清SP-D水平变化可作为判定COPD病情严重程度的指标之一。     

湖北省8家综合医院体检科结核病疫情管理情况调查

目的了解综合医院体检科结核病疫情管理现状,为完善防控措施提供依据。方法调查湖北省8家综合医院体检科2013年1月1日至6月30日结核病疫情登记、报告、转诊情况,以及医院内疫情报告的奖惩制度,并访谈公共卫生科及体检科相关人员。结果 8家被调查医院中,仅1家医院将体检科纳入疫情管理目标科室,占12.50%,8家医院体检科均发现了疑似肺结核患者,但仅2个体检科室进行了规范的疫情登记管理,占25.00%,8家医院体检科均没有被纳入卫生监督执法和结防专业机构督导检查科室。2家登记报告规范的医院,其体检科2013年上半年登记报告的疑似肺结核患者数占医院同期登记报告的疑似肺结核患者数比例分别为33.33%和34.61%,转诊到位的疑似肺结核患者经确诊均发现了肺结核患者。结论应加强综合医院体检科疫情管理,以便早期发现和治疗肺结核病患者,从而减少结核病传播。     

1552例肺结核首次复发危险因素分析

目的了解沈阳市肺结核复治人群的复发影响因素,为复治肺结核控制策略提供依据。方法选择沈阳市中国医科大学附属第四医院十年间首次复治肺结核的1 552例患者,随机抽取388例初治肺结核为对照组,应用Logistic回归分析方法研究复治肺结核主要影响因素,先进行单因素分析,然后采用多因素非条件Logistic回归模型筛选主要危险因素。结果单因素分析显示肺结核复发的因素有婚姻(OR=1.341,95%CI:1.014~1.774)、经济状况(OR=1.341,95%CI:1.014~1.774)、营养状况(OR=1.068,95%CI:1.038~1.099)、完成初始疗程(OR=1.198,95%CI:1.087~1.320)、治疗依从性(OR=0.937,95%CI:0.530~0.959)、流动人口(OR=0.578,95%CI:0.452~0.738);多因素Logistic回归分析显示治疗依从性(OR=0.731,95%CI:0.537~0.996)、流动人口(OR=0.581,95%CI:0.448~0.754)是肺结核复发的主要危险因素,而已婚(OR=1.427,95%CI:1.069~1.905)、经济状况良好(OR=1.063,95%CI:1.032~1.059)、营养状况佳(OR=1.153,95%CI:1.040~1.277)是肺结核复发的保护性因素。结论肺结核患者复发与多种因素有关,从病因学来说是可以预防和控制的。     

20例联合左氧氟沙星治疗肺结核的护理探讨

目的探讨肺结核患者应用左氧氟沙星联合抗结核药物治疗的护理方法,积累临床护理经验。方法对收治的20例使用左氧氟沙星联合抗结核药物治疗的肺结核患者统一进行全面的护理。结果提高了肺结核患者的治愈率,减少了不良反应的发生率。结论做好心理护理,取得患者的积极配合,加强消毒隔离制度和健康宣教,严格掌握用药速度和方法,正确选择静脉,加强输液巡视,避免静脉炎的发生;用药后观察药物不良反应及效果,及时发现并处理不良反应,提高治疗效果。     

Expression of Eya1 and Six1 is decreased in distal airways of rats with experimental pulmonary hypoplasia

Background/Purpose

Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) represents one of the major challenges in neonatal intensive care. Eyes absent 1 (Eya1) and sine oculis homebox 1 (Six1) have been identified as essential components of the gene network that regulates foetal lung development. Eya1 and Six1 are expressed in distal epithelial tips of branching airways as well as in surrounding mesenchymal cells, highlighting their important role during branching morphogenesis. Lungs of Eya1^−/− and Six1^−/− knockouts display PH with reduced epithelial branching, appearing to be arrested in the pseudoglandular stage. We hypothesized that Eya1 and Six1 expression is decreased in branching airways of nitrofen-induced PH.

Methods

Time-mated rats received either nitrofen or vehicle on E9.5. Foetal lungs were dissected on E15.5 and divided into control and nitrofen groups, whereas lungs harvested on E18.5 were divided into controls, PH without CDH [PH(−)], and PH with CDH [PH(+)]. Pulmonary gene expression levels of Eya1 and Six1 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to investigate Eya1 and Six1 protein expression and localization by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Results

Relative mRNA expression of Eya1 and Six1 was significantly decreased in PH(−) and PH(+) on E18.5 compared to controls. CLSM confirmed markedly diminished immunofluorescence of Eya1 and Six1 in distal airway epithelium as well as in surrounding mesenchymal cells of nitrofen-induced PH on E18.5 compared to controls.

Conclusions

Downregulation of Eya1 and Six1 gene expression in nitrofen-induced PH suggests that decreased Eya1 and Six1 expression during the late pseudoglandular stage may interfere with epithelial branching and distal airway maturation, thus resulting in PH.     

Prenatal retinoic acid increases lipofibroblast expression in hypoplastic rat lungs with experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Background/purpose

Prenatal administration of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been shown to stimulate alveolarization in nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Lipid-containing interstitial lipofibroblasts (LIFs), characterized by adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP), play a critical role in alveolar development by coordinating lipid homeostasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that ATRA positively affects LIF expression in developing lungs. We hypothesized that pulmonary LIF expression is increased after prenatal ATRA treatment in the nitrofen model of CDH-associated PH.

Methods

Timed-pregnant rats were treated with nitrofen or vehicle on E9.5, followed by injection of ATRA or placebo on E18.5, E19.5, and E20.5. Fetal lungs were dissected on E21.5 and divided into Control + Placebo, Control + ATRA, Nitrofen + Placebo, and Nitrofen + ATRA. Pulmonary gene expression levels of ADRP were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and LIF expression was investigated by ADRP immunohistochemistry, oil-red-O-, and immunofluorescence-double-staining.

Results

Relative mRNA expression of pulmonary ADRP was significantly increased in Nitrofen + ATRA compared to Nitrofen + Placebo (0.31 ± 0.02 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01; P < 0.0001). ADRP immunoreactivity and oil-red-O-staining were markedly increased in alveolar interstitium of Nitrofen + ATRA compared to Nitrofen + Placebo. Immunofluorescence-double-staining confirmed markedly increased LIF expression in alveolar walls of Nitrofen + ATRA compared to Nitrofen + Placebo.

Conclusions

Increased LIF expression after prenatal treatment with ATRA in nitrofen-induced PH suggests that ATRA may have a therapeutic potential in attenuating CDH-associated PH by stimulating alveolar development.