Prospective study of antibiotic protocols for managing surgical site infections in children

Purpose

We adopted antibiotic (Ab) protocols for managing surgical site infections in children and assessed their effectiveness.

Methods

We used our protocols on 1313 children between 2004 and 2005. All wounds were monitored for 30 days and classified as clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty-infected. Infections were defined as superficial, deep, or organ/space. A retrospective study involving 721 children who had surgery in 2003 was also performed. χ² Statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Postprotocol, all Abs were administered accurately by anesthesiologists and infections developed in only 22 cases (1.7%): 0.2% (clean), 2.6% (clean-contaminated), 5.8% (contaminated), and 20.8% (dirty-infected), respectively; 21 were superficial or deep and 1 was organ/space. Age at surgery and sex did not influence incidence, neither did length of surgery for clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty-infected wounds; clean wounds were excluded because all surgery was minor. Overall, incidence of infections was 1.2% for elective surgery and 4.5% for emergency surgery (P < .01). Preprotocol, only 67% had Ab and infections developed in 27 cases (3.7%), which is significantly higher than in postprotocol (P < .01).

Conclusions

Accurate administration of Ab and careful supervision by an infection control team appear to be effective for preventing wound infections in children.     

氟达拉滨联合利妥昔单抗治疗高龄慢性淋巴细胞白血病

目的考察氟达拉滨联合治疗高龄慢性淋巴细胞白血病患者的有效性和安全性。方法应用氟达拉滨联合利妥昔单抗方案治疗11例患者,根据患者情况分次给药,25~30mg/m2隔日或每周1~2次静脉注射,或口服剂型10mg~20mg/d连续用药,观察患者应用氟达拉滨过程中及其后的不良反应及疗效。结果全组11例患者CR＋PR为10例,其中CR6例,PR4例,NR1例。不良反应主要为粒细胞及血小板减少等骨髓抑制,未出现严重感染,无化疗相关死亡。结论氟达拉滨联合利妥昔单抗治疗高龄慢性淋巴细胞白血病具有较高的安全性和有效性。     

55例大肠癌患者化疗前后淋巴细胞亚群变化

目的分析55例大肠癌患者化疗前后21项淋巴细胞亚群变化情况。方法用三标荧光抗体对55例大肠癌患者化疗前后外周血进行标记,流式细胞仪检测并分析。结果CD3^＋、CD3^＋CD8^＋、NKT（CD3^＋CD16^＋或56^＋）、CD29^＋、CD25^＋、CD3^＋HLADR^＋细胞化疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而CD3^＋CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值、NK（CD3^＋CD16^＋或56^＋）、CD19^＋、CD4^＋CD29^＋、CD4^＋CD25^＋、HLADR^＋、CD3^＋HLADR^-、45RA^＋、45RO^＋、CD4^＋CD45RO^＋、CD4^＋CD45RA^＋、CD28^＋、CD8^＋CD28^-和CD8^＋CD28^＋细胞化疗前后变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论FOLFOX4方案化疗4周期后第12天大肠癌患者外周血淋巴细胞较化疗前未显示明显细胞免疫抑制状态。     

天津市新生儿听力筛查及信息化建设

目的通过对新生儿听力筛查及信息化管理,早期发现和诊断先天性听力损失,及时干预。方法新生儿出生3～5d采用畸变产物耳声发射(distoetion product otoacoustic emissions,DPOAE)进行初筛;42d用DPOAE和自动判别听性脑干反应(auto auditory brainstem response,AABR)进行复筛;3个月和6个月分别用听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem responses,ABR)、多频稳态反应(auditory steady state response,ASSR)和声导抗检查进行两次诊断;有听力障碍的患儿适时干预措施,并定期复查和随访。结果 2009～2010年在天津市出生活产婴儿106547人,104224例生后3d开始进行听力测试,全市建立了新生儿听力筛查信息化网络管理。初筛率为97.82%;初筛时正常新生儿未通过率为9.12%(9075/99484),高危儿为23.65%(1121/4740),高危儿未通过率明显高于正常新生儿(χ2=1.082,P<0.01);42d复筛率为53.44%;3个月接受第一次诊断的有362例;6个月接受诊断的有117例,其中100例(161耳)有不同程度听力损失,中重度和极重度听力障碍患儿在6个月确诊后进行干预。结论①通过建立新生儿听力筛查信息网络化管理系统,初筛率达97%以上;②42d新生儿听力复筛采用DPOAE和AABR检测技术联合应用,减少了漏筛和漏诊;③高危新生儿初筛阳性率为23.65%,明显高于正常新生儿。     

INSS 4期神经母细胞瘤患儿3年无事件生存率的相关因素分析

目的 探讨影响INSS 4期神经母细胞瘤患儿3年无事件生存率(event-free survival,EFS)的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2014年4月至2020年4月经上海市儿童医院确诊和完善评估的68例INSS 4期神经母细胞瘤患儿临床资料.收集患儿年龄、性别、神经元烯醇化酶(neuron specific eno...     

Implementing a protocol for weaning patients off mechanical ventilation

Weaning patients from ventilation can be a costly and time-consuming intervention. This article describes how a protocol was designed and introduced into the critical care unit of a district general hospital in 2003. A step-by-step approach was used based on that outlined by the Modernisation Agency and The National Institute for Clinical Excellence. The purpose of the project was to improve the weaning process in the unit by devising a protocol, which would give structure to weaning and help maintain continuity. It was hoped that the changes in practice would also reduce ventilator time and improve patient outcomes. A multi-professional group interested in weaning worked together to formulate a protocol, which was duly implemented into the unit. After implementation, the protocol was audited and subsequently adopted by the unit. Although it was agreed that the structure and the continuity of weaning had improved, reducing weaning times and patient outcomes was difficult to measure. This article explains how the protocol came to be written and how it was implemented into the unit.     

蒽环类药物及其新剂型在晚期胃癌化疗中的价值

胃癌治疗的关键在于早期诊断和及时行根治性切除术。我国的胃癌发病率高,且多数患者在确诊时已进入中晚期,因此以化疗为主的综合治疗是其主要治疗手段。化疗可延长晚期胃癌患者的生存期,提高生活质量。蒽环类药物参与的多种化疗方案在晚期胃癌的治疗中有一定效果。随着脂质体等新剂型研究的日益深入．有望进一步降低蒽环类药物的不良反应,提高其临床应用价值。     

Multi-parametric flow cytometric cell cycle analysis using TO-PRO-3 iodide (TP3): Detailed protocols

TO-PRO-3 iodide (TP3), a monomeric cyanine nucleic acid stain with a peak absorbance at 642 nm and emission at 661 nm, is best excited by a helium-neon (HeNe) laser (633 nm). It was tested in monocytes and different cell lines under conditions of different fixatives, dye concentrations, labeling kinetics and RNAse concentrations for mono-, bi- and tri-parametric flow cytometric cell cycle analysis to establish the best protocol for DNA analysis in terms of G₁ peak CV, G₂/G₁ ratio and minimal amount of debris. A linear increase in G₁ peak position was found from 0.1 to 2 μM TP3 concentrations. Fixatives 70% ethanol or 1% methanol-free formaldehyde, followed by 70% ethanol, resulted in the best DNA histograms. Although different protocols were found to be cell-type specific, in general, excellent results were obtained with 30 min incubation with 0.5 μM TP3 plus RNAse in almost all cell lines tested. These data show that TP3 is an alternative method to propidium iodide (PI), the most commonly used DNA-specific probe in flow cytometry. The most important advantage of using TP3 in combination with other fluorochromes, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE) in bi- or tri-parametric flow cytometric analysis, is that there is no need for fluorescence compensation for the TP3 signals.     

2023年乳腺癌临床研究进展年终盘点

乳腺癌作为全球发病例数第一的恶性肿瘤,多年来一直是研究的热点。2023年,乳腺癌临床研究在局部治疗和系统治疗方面取得显著进展。在局部治疗方面,如何评估腋窝肿瘤负荷及选择合适的治疗手段是研究焦点。SOUND研究发现前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）与无腋窝手术对于术前腋窝超声淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌患者的5年无远处转移生存率相似,在术前超声对腋窝淋巴结筛查结果明确的情况下可避免SLNB。SENOMAC研究提供证据支持低负荷前哨淋巴结患者不进行腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）的可能性。OPBC05研究指出新辅助治疗后残留孤立肿瘤细胞（ITCs）的患者中ALND不改善长期生存,暗示豁免ALND的可行性。NSABP B-51研究显示,新辅助化疗（NAC）后腋窝淋巴结阴性（ypN0）患者的局部淋巴结放疗（RNI）并未显著改善主要研究终点。这些研究强调了个体化治疗方案的重要性,为乳腺癌的外科治疗和后续治疗提供重要指导。在系统治疗方面,早期激素受体阳性［HR（+）］乳腺癌治疗主要依赖手术、放疗及术后辅助内分泌治疗,但约30%的中高危患者仍面临复发和转移风险。MoHER2narchE和NATALEE研究证实了CDK4/6抑制剂（CDK4/6i）在早期HR（+）/人表皮生长因子受体2阴性［HER-2（-）］乳腺癌患者中的效果。此外,有关免疫治疗的研究,如KEYNOTE-756和CheckMate 7FL试验,探讨了PD-1单抗联合NAC在提高病理完全缓解（pCR）率和降低高危患者复发风险中的潜力。晚期HR（+）乳腺癌的标准治疗已从单一内分泌治疗发展为CDK4/6i联合内分泌治疗,但仍存在耐药问题,新型药物如ADC药物、PI3K/Akt/mTOR抑制剂正在被探索以提供更多治疗选项。TROPiCS-02和TROPION-Breast01研究验证了TROP2靶向ADC药物在治疗耐药HR（+）/HER-2（-）晚期乳腺癌患者中的有效性。同时,INAVO 120和Capitello-291研究突显了PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制剂在提高治疗效果方面的潜力,尤其是对PIK3CA突变患者。在早期HER-2（+）乳腺癌治疗方面,PHERGain研究表明,基于¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT和根据pCR调整的降阶梯化疗在早期HER-2（+）乳腺癌新辅助治疗中有效。APTneo研究发现阿替利珠单抗联合化疗对新辅助治疗的pCR率提升有限,需进一步研究以优化疗效和安全性。在晚期HER-2（+）乳腺癌方面,PHILA和HER2CLIMB-02研究展示了TKI药物在一线和二线治疗中的有效性。DESTINY-Breast系列研究证明了德曲妥珠单抗（T-DXd）对HER-2（+）转移性乳腺癌各年龄段患者都有效且展现出良好的安全性。同时其对经治/稳定和未经治/活动性脑转移患者均有显著的疗效。早期三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）的研究重点在于免疫治疗与化疗的联合应用,KEYNOTE-522研究显示化疗联合帕博利珠单抗的新辅助治疗及其作为后续辅助治疗显著提高了pCR率和无事件生存率,美国食品药品管理局和欧洲药物管理局已批准其用于高危早期TNBC的治疗。然而,IMpassion030研究表明,术后辅助免疫治疗可能并非所有早期TNBC患者的有效选项。对于晚期TNBC,KEYLYNK-009研究结果显示帕博利珠单抗联合PARP抑制剂奥拉帕利与帕博利珠单抗加化疗相比,并未显著改善预后,但在具有tBRCA突变的患者群体中,该联合疗法显著提高了中位无进展生存期（PFS）,表明其可作为这一患者群体的晚期一线维持治疗。BEGONIA研究的结果表明,Dato-DXd和度伐利尤单抗联合治疗显示出高反应率和较长的PFS,可能为晚期TNBC患者提供新的治疗选择。综上,2023年乳腺癌治疗领域的研究不仅在治疗方法上取得了突破,也在治疗理念上进行了革新,为乳腺癌患者带来了新的希望。