高校青年教师职业忠诚与幸福感及社会支持

目的了解高校青年教师的职业忠诚状况,并分析其与主观幸福感、社会支持的关系。方法采用高校青年教师职业忠诚问卷、主观幸福感量表(MUNSH)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对289名地方高校青年教师进行测评。结果①高校青年教师的职业忠诚状况总体良好,并受其教龄、职称(t=3.095,F=2.775;P0.01)的影响;②高校青年教师的职业忠诚与主观幸福感各因子相关显著(r=0.38,0.36,-0.38,0.41,-0.38;P0.01);③高校青年教师的社会支持对其职业忠诚有显著预测作用(F=35.42,P0.01)。结论高校青年教师职业忠诚状况良好,并与其主观幸福感、社会支持相关。     

孤核受体类固醇生成因子-1缺陷与性腺发育

孤核受体类固醇生成因子-1(SF-1)是核受体超家族的成员之一,参与人体肾上腺和性腺组织发育、类固醇激素合成和生殖功能等多种相关基因的表达与调控.到目前为止,人类已发现25种SF-1基因突变,其临床表现轻重不一,检测SF-1基因缺陷可能有助于明确46,XY性发育障碍患者的分子病因诊断.     

Research Recommendations on the Effects of Postpartum Depression and Pain on Infant Care and Development

Postpartum depression is one of the most common complications of childbirth, and another is pain. A growing body of research shows that the severity and duration of postpartum pain can increase a woman’s risk for postpartum depression. Postpartum depression and pain negatively affect maternal well-being, and postpartum depression has been associated with adverse outcomes in children. However, there is a dearth of information about the effects of postpartum depression and pain on infant care and development. The objectives of this commentary were to highlight the need to address this gap in the literature, offer a preliminary conceptual model to advance the field, and ignite new lines of inquiry to inform infant care and development.     

A Case of 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism Presenting as Swyer Syndrome

BackgroundSwyer syndrome is a difference of sex development that is typically associated with mutations in genes responsible for testicular development. It is speculated that some cases may result from cryptic 45,X/46,XY mosaicism leading to abnormal gonadal development. The presence or absence of a 45,X lineage is important for prognosis and management.CaseWe present a case of apparent Swyer syndrome associated with a 46,XY chromosomal complement in lymphocytes and 45,X/46,XY mosaicism on analysis of her noncancerous gonad. Gonadal histology was consistent with a 45,X phenotype.Summary and ConclusionThis case demonstrates the clinical variability in the presentation of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and highlights the importance of thorough genetic testing that includes consideration of chromosomal mosaicism. We will discuss the implications of this diagnosis for management.     

Development and Testing of the Preparation for Labor and Birth Instrument

ObjectiveTo develop and assess the reliability and validity of a new instrument used during the third trimester of pregnancy to measure women’s confidence in their ability to achieve physiologic birth, the Preparation for Labor and Birth (P-LAB) instrument.DesignTwo-phase instrument development study that consisted of item generation and a prospective field test.SettingField testing occurred in five midwestern U.S. prenatal clinics.ParticipantsParticipants in the field test were 203 nulliparous and parous pregnant women who intended to give birth vaginally.MethodsPsychometric testing consisted of test–retest reliability testing and assessments of content validity, face validity, and construct validity. We measured construct validity using exploratory factor analysis and correlation with the Sense of Coherence Scale.ResultsThe 22-item P-LAB showed good content validity, good internal consistency, and stability over time. All items had content validity index scores greater than or equal to 0.8, and the total instrument content validity index was 0.95. We identified four factors related to women’s confidence in their ability to achieve physiologic birth: Planned Use of Pain Medication, Relationship With Care Provider and Supportive Birth Environment, Beliefs About Labor, and Labor Support (social and professional). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the four extracted factors were .93, .76, .73 and .74, respectively. Intraclass correlation [95% confidence interval] for the total questionnaire was .92 [.88, .94]. We found no linear association between total P-LAB scores and sense of coherence.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate acceptable initial psychometric properties for the P-LAB instrument. Additional testing is required to evaluate the instrument’s construct, convergent, and divergent validity.     

早产儿亲子依恋的研究进展

早产儿容易出现神经精神发育问题,评估早期依恋行为可以预测这些异常.父母心理表现、早产儿自身特点和社会环境因素等通过不同的组合方式影响依恋质量:早产容易导致父母尤其是母亲的养育焦虑,进而影响其感知和态度,导致不安全依恋;早产儿自身的神经发育会影响父母对他们的情感反应,进而影响依恋质量;家庭和社会环境与早产儿自身反应及父母养育行为和谐一致时,易形成安全依恋关系.有必要对早产儿进行早期依恋测试,及早发现问题,及时进行干预,减少神经行为发育问题的出现.提高早产儿的生存质量.     

正常及先天性肛门直肠畸形大鼠消化道末端平滑肌发育的研究

目的 观察乙烯硫脲致畸的肛门直肠畸形(ARMs)大鼠模型后肠平滑肌的发育过程及演变规律.方法 实验分为正常组和ARMs组,ARMs组为以乙烯硫脲制作的肛门直肠畸形大鼠模型,取不同胎龄(E13.5、E14、E14.5,E15、E16、E17、E18和E21)的正常组和ARMs组胚胎,经常规处理制成蜡块,行矢状面切片,以α-SMA作为平滑肌的标志物,进行免疫组化染色,观察正常和肛门直肠畸形大鼠胚胎肛门内括约肌和直肠纵肌在发育过程中的形态学变化过程.结果 从胚胎E15开始,可在正常组和ARMs组观察到在后肠壁内出现α-SMA阳性细胞组成的环肌层,并有轻微的末端膨大,表现出肛门内括约肌的特点;E15、E16时,正常组与ARMs组的环肌发育无明显差异,E17～21,ARMs组的后肠末端环肌膨大部分在到达后肠末端漏斗样过渡区后逐渐变薄弱,并形成一个锐角末端,而在正常组这一末端膨大是以钝圆性的末端结束的,且ARMs组的肌束界限较模糊,排列略紊乱;这一趋势一直持续到胚胎的末期.从E17开始纵肌层片段在后肠间断出现,到E21时,后肠的纵肌层才完全连续,ARMs组的直肠纵肌同样在E17时出现,在近段后肠发育与正常组相似,在后肠末段发育较差.结论 正常组及ARMs组的肛门内括约肌在E15开始出现于后肠末端,直肠纵肌在E17开始出现,ARMs组的肛门内括约肌和直肠纵肌较正常组发育差.     

中国七岁以下儿童体重、身长/身高和头围的生长标准值及标准化生长曲线

目的 制定中国7岁以下儿童体重、身长/身高和头围的生长标准值及标准化生长曲线.方法 选择"2005年九市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查"中城区儿童为参照人群,采用0～7岁69 760名健康男女儿童的体重、身高(3岁以下为身长)和头围的实际测量值建立数据库.测量数据用标准化的测量方法和质量控制程序获得.采用LMS方法对原始数据进行拟合修匀,通过L、M、S 3个参数计算产生所需要的百分位和标准差单位数值并绘制相应的曲线图.曲线的拟合效果评估采用拟合优度χ2检验.结果 制定出了中国7岁以下男、女童按每月龄的年龄的体重、年龄的身长/身高和年龄的头围第3、10、25、50、75、90及97百分位及-3、-2、-1、0、+1、+2、+3倍标准差单位的生长标准图表(数值表和曲线图).此标准略高于世界卫生组织(WHO)新的5岁以下儿童生长标准.结论 该套生长标准代表了中国营养良好儿童的生长水平,样本量大、具有国家代表性,测量数据精确,研究方法与国际接轨,可作为21世纪中国儿童的生长参照标准在全国范围推广使用.     

Depression and anxiety symptoms: onset, developmental course and risk factors during early childhood

Background:  Depressive and anxiety disorders are among the top ten leading causes of disabilities. We know little, however, about the onset, developmental course and early risk factors for depressive and anxiety symptoms (DAS).
Objective:  Model the developmental trajectories of DAS during early childhood and to identify risk factors for atypically high DAS.
Method:  Group-based developmental trajectories of DAS conditional on risk factors were estimated from annual maternal ratings (1½ to 5 years) in a large population sample ( n  =   1759).
Results:  DAS increased substantially in two of the three distinct trajectory groups identified: High-Rising (14.7%); Moderate-Rising (55.4%); and Low (29.9%). Two factors distinguished the High-Rising group from the other two: Difficult temperament at 5 months (High-Rising vs Moderate-Rising: OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.13–1.55; High-Rising vs Low: OR = 1.31, CI = 1.12–1.54) and maternal lifetime major depression (High-Rising vs Moderate-Rising: OR = 1.10; CI = 1.01–1.20; High-Rising vs Low: OR = 1.19; CI = 1.08–1.31). Two factors distinguished the High-Rising group from the Low group: High family dysfunction (OR = 1.24; CI = 1.03–1.5) and Low parental self-efficacy (OR = .71; CI = .54–.94).
Conclusions:  DAS tend to increase in frequency over the first 5 years of life. Atypically high level can be predicted from mother and child characteristics present before 6 months of age. Preventive interventions should be experimented with at risk infants and parents.     

Scaling of morphogen gradients by an expansion-repression integral feedback control

Despite substantial size variations, proportions of the developing body plan are maintained with a remarkable precision. Little is known about the mechanisms that ensure this adaptation (scaling) of pattern with size. Most models of patterning by morphogen gradients do not support scaling. In contrast, we show that scaling arises naturally in a general feedback topology, in which the range of the morphogen gradient increases with the abundance of some diffusible molecule, whose production, in turn, is repressed by morphogen signaling. We term this mechanism “expansion–repression” and show that it can function within a wide range of biological scenarios. The expansion-repression scaling mechanism is analogous to an integral-feedback controller, a key concept in engineering that is likely to be instrumental also in maintaining biological homeostasis.