乳管内窥镜对乳腺导管内病变的诊断和治疗价值

目的评价乳管内窥镜(FDS)对乳腺导管内疾病的诊断和治疗价值。方法回顾性分析近2年来FDS检查的548例乳头溢液患者的临床资料。结果548例乳头溢液病例中,FDS下诊断为乳管炎59例(10.8%),乳腺导管扩张症117例(21.4%),乳腺导管扩张合并乳管炎185例(33.4%),乳管内乳头状瘤159例(29.0%),乳管内乳头状瘤病12例(2.2%),乳腺癌16例(2.9%)。135例在我院接受手术治疗,其中91例在FDS定位下行肿瘤切除或区段切除手术(甲组),44例按常规经溢液乳管内注射染料美蓝后再行选择性区段切除(乙组)。甲组术后FDS诊断符合率97.8%(89/91)明显高于乙组的86.4%(38/44)(χ2=6.96,P=0.008)。结论FDS不仅是诊断乳腺导管内病变的可靠方法,而且可以帮助手术中定位切除乳腺导管内新生物。FDS定位下手术能够避免盲目性,为病灶的切除提供可靠的帮助。     

中国妇女乳房乳晕乳头比例的测定及相关因素分析

目的为塑造自然、匀称而具有美感的乳房提供参考和依据。方法对45例22~45岁、对自己乳房满意且无乳房手术史的女性志愿者,分别测量体重、身高、乳头直径、乳晕直径、胸乳线(乳头至胸骨切迹连线距离)、乳房内侧半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞内侧止点连线距离)、乳房外侧半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞外侧止点连线距离)、乳房下半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞最低点连线距离)。以乳房外侧半径长度作为乳房大小参考指标,由此计算和确定乳房、乳晕、乳头之间的比例,并对可能影响其变化的年龄、体重、身高等因素进行研究分析。结果该组样本显示中国妇女乳房与乳晕之比约为3.7∶1.0,乳晕乳头之比约为3.4∶1.0。体重、体重指数与乳房大小、乳晕乳头比例之间呈正相关,具有显著的统计学意义;而年龄、身高的影响在该样本中并未显现。结论乳房与乳晕、乳头间具有一定的合适比例,体重和肥胖可能是影响该比例关系的因素。乳房、乳晕、乳头比例的确定对东方妇女的乳房整形和再造具有美学价值,可被用于手术中对乳房大小的理想化设计和预测。     

群集钙化对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的意义

目的评价乳腺钼靶片群集钙化对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的意义。方法分析76例乳腺X线钼靶片群集钙化病例,全部经手术病理证实,其中,乳腺恶性病变52例,良性病变24例。采用下列4项指标分析上述76例群集钙化的特征并进行良恶性对照研究:a)病灶钙化总数;b)每平方厘米钙化数目(N/S);c)钙化灶的大小、形态;d)钙化灶合并肿块。结果76例群集钙化病例中钙化总数大于30个、N/S大于等于10个、钙化灶大小形态不一致、钙化合并肿块,这4项指标诊断恶性钙化的特异性和敏感性分别为83.3%和69.2%,79.2%和76.9%,62.5%和92.3%,62.5%和53.8%。结论N/S大于等于10个、钙化总数大于30个及钙化灶大小、形态不一致这3个特征对恶性钙化最具有诊断价值。     

女性银屑病患者血清性激素浓度测定

对20例女性、非妊娠期、生育年龄的寻常型、进行期银屑病患者检测了雌二醇(E_2)、孕酮(P)和睾酮(T)的血清浓度。结果为:卵泡期E_2平均值为84±61.6pg/ml,黄体期E_2平均值为164.9±115pg/ml,均显著高于正常平均值(P值分别为<0.001,<0.005);黄体期P平均值为2.67±4.62ng/ml,显著低于正常平均值(P<0.005);T平均值在正常范围,提示银屑病可能与血清E_2和P浓度有关。     

呼吸电刺激训练对肺功能康复的作用

通过电流和声、光信号刺激，对２０例慢性阻塞性肺疾患（ＣＯＰＤ）患者进行呼吸电刺激训练（ＲＥＴ），结果在ＲＥＴ时呼吸频率和平均吸气流速明显下降，潮气量和吸气间期明显增加，跨膈压增大，氧耗量和能量代谢无明显变化；于ＲＥＴ１５天后ＰａＣＯ２明显下降，ＰａＯ２和运动能力明显增高，肺勇气功能明显改善。表明ＲＥＴ１５天后ＰａＣＯ２明显下降，ＰａＯ２和运动能力明显增高，肺通气功能明显改善。表明ＲＥＴ能使ＣＯＰＤ     

Nipple sensitivity and lactation in two methods of breast reduction

Two methods of breast reduction were performed between 1981 and 1986. One was wedge resection of the breast in which nipple and gland were disconnected. The other was the tangential and circumferential breast reduction, in which the nipple remained in continuity with the gland. For each method, there were 21 patients. The mean follow-up was 5 years and 9 months. In both groups, 8 patients had 11 children, but only the tangential reduction patients lactated. They also had better subjective nipple sensitivity whereas objectively the differences were rather small.     

乳腺癌患者血中角蛋白mRNA基因的表达

目的 分析乳腺癌患者外周血液中角蛋白（CK19）mRNA基因的表达。方法 取20例经病理证实的乳腺癌患者外周血，用Tirizol法提取总RNA，然后进行RT－PCR荧光定量检测，并与正常人群进行对照。结果 正常人群外周血中无CK19表达，20例乳腺癌中有6例阳性表达，总阳性率为29．65％，其中单纯癌阳性率为30．7％（4／13），浸润性导管癌阳性率为28．6％（2／7）。结论 CK19可作为检测外周血循环癌细胞的标志物。     

Procedural memory stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: impact of a training programme

The study evaluates the efficacy of a procedural memory stimulation programme in mild and mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twenty basic and instrumental activities of daily living have been selected, and divided into two groups, comparable for difficulty. Ten normal elderly subjects (age 68.0±4.8 years; MMSE score: 28.7±0.9; education: 7.6±3.5 years) were asked to perform the two groups of daily activities and the time required to perform the tasks of each group was recorded and used as a reference. Ten mild and mild-moderate AD patients (age 77.2±5.3 years; MMSE score: 19.8±3.5; education: 7.3±4.7 years) without major behavioural disturbances constituted the experimental group. Patients were evaluated in all 20 daily activities and the time employed was recorded at baseline and after a 3-week training (1 h/d, 5 d/week) period. Five patients were trained during the 3 weeks on half of the 20 daily activities and the other five patients were trained on the remainder. This procedure was adopted in order to detect separately the improvement in "trained" and "not trained" activities, allowing to control better the effects of the intervention. The assessment of the functional impact of the training was directly measured, through the variation of time employed to perform tasks before and after training. After 3 weeks of training a significant improvement was observed for the trained activities, from 3.6 to 1.9 standard deviations below the performance of the normal elderly controls ( P <0.05). AD patients improved also in not-trained activities from 3.5 to 2.7 standard deviations below the controls'performance ( P <0.05). The rehabilitation of activities of daily living through developing procedural memory strategies may be effective in mild and mild-moderate AD patients.     

已婚育龄妇女避孕措施变化趋势分析

目的:了解已婚育龄妇女避孕措施的变化趋势,为指导计划生育服务工作提供科学依据。方法:收集1983~2005年苏州市已婚育龄妇女避孕方法的资料,并用统计软件对其变化趋势进行了分析。结果:已婚育龄妇女节育率在88.38%~92.94%范围波动,长效避孕措施现用率从75.19%下降至71.27%,而短效避孕措施从12.86%上升至17.11%。宫内节育器的现用率从50.09%上升到66.50%;避孕套从1.94%上升到14.21%;其他避孕方法的现用率均呈下降趋势,其中女性绝育现用率从24.42%下降到4.50%。结论:节育率维持在较高水平;长效避孕措施现用率下降而短效避孕措施现用率上升;避孕方法使用趋于多样化,需要提供满足个性化需求的指导和服务。     

The assessment of in vitro modulation of milk fat globule membrane expression by human breast carcinomas

Although knowledge of functional differentiation and tumour-associated changes of breast carcinomas can be gained by the application of antibodies directed against the milk fat globule membrane, more significant information may be obtained by assessment of the potential of breast carcinomas to modulate their antigenic phenotype. In this study, the extend to which primary tumours can undergo modulation in vitro has been investigated, with consideration of the suitability of organ culture in combination with the immunohistochemical detection of two milk fat globule membrane epitopes, HMFG1 and HMFG2, as methods for detecting this. The preservation of three of the 30 carcinomas assessed, all poorly differentiated, was poor after 3 days of culture. The viability of the other 27 was variable, and was greater in the better differentiated tumours and with the addition of insulin. Expression of the milk fat globule membrane epitopes was generally well maintained. Six of the carcinomas showed a significant change in antigen expression, with this being more frequent in tissues incubated with insulin. Hence, a small group of carcinomas have been identified which appear to have a greater capacity to undergo functional differentiation. Organ culture is considered to be a suitable method for maintaining the tissues in vitro for such evaluation, but the problems encountered in quantifying the immunohistochemical staining, because of antigenic heterogeneity, were such that it is suggested that other approaches be employed.