'What do you notice?' Using posters containing questions and general instructions to guide preschoolers' science and mathematics learning

To increase preschoolers' science and mathematics learning experiences both within and outside the classroom, we developed age-appropriate materials containing general questions and instructions that teachers and parents could use when interacting with their students and children. The questions and instructions were related to a specific science or mathematics skill (e.g., classifying), but were general enough so that they could be applied to a variety of situations. Observations of three classrooms and interviews with the classroom teachers and aides, and the parents of the children in the classrooms suggested that use of these materials was beneficial to the children, teachers, and parents, and resulted in increasing the amount of science and mathematics activities and discussions in two of the classrooms as well as outside the classrooms.     

Experiences and learning during a graduate nurse program: an examination using a focus group approach

The graduate nurse year requires individuals to make a huge transition from university student to registered nurse as part of the health care workforce. New graduates experience steep learning curves throughout the first year of professional practice. This study sought to explore experiences and learning occurring throughout the graduate nurse program for a group of seven new nurse graduates. Focus group interviews were conducted at six months and 12 months into the program using the same set of guiding questions. The first interview highlighted that graduates early in the graduate year were internalised, concentrating on their own survival in managing workloads, facing practice realities and coming to terms with themselves as nurses. Learning was primarily about survival strategies and performing tasks. By the second interview, graduates were much less focussed on themselves. They understood their place in the health care team, had gained confidence in their relationships, and were showing concern for the next graduates arriving. Learning at this stage involved more higher order skills, including critical thinking.     

将素质教育理念贯穿在生化课教学中的探索

为适应知识经济时代对医学人才培养的要求,应将素质教育引入生化教学中。本文从提高教师综合素质,生化课堂教学、第二课堂教育,多媒体应用等方面入手,探索在生化课教学中提高学生素质的有效途径,以全面提高教学质量,实现对医学人才的培养目标。     

Quality of life research in patients with rectal cancer: traditional approaches versus a problem-solving oriented perspective

The present paper critically appraises two recent overviews of the literature on rectal cancer and quality of life (QL). These reviews focus on the Anglo-American literature, largely neglect research from other countries, and provide little stimulus regarding future research directions. As an alternative perspective we propose the concept of problem-solving oriented QL research. The major theme is that the QL concept must be integrated into the clinical arena. To begin with, QL researchers must make themselves understandable. We outline several ways in which this can be achieved: (a) placing QL in a broader concept together with outcomes that are more familiar to clinicians; (b) depicting individual patients in the form of QL profiles; (c) clarifying the psychosocial/clinical correlates of particular QL scores of interest; and (d) conducting studies with a definitive practical goal in mind and integrating practitioners and patients into the study group. We illustrate the feasibility of such a research program by performance data from our Marburg-Biedenkopf field trial. Pursuing an ambitious research strategy that integrates experimental and applied research, the QL movement will have the chance to show that it is not merely l'art pour l'art, but indeed is beneficial to society. Received: 28 September 1998 / Accepted: 14 October 1998     

大学英语教学现状分析与改进策略

文章分析了当前大学英语教学工作中存在的问题，提出了改进策略及需要正确处理的几个关系。     

参加新婚教育人群对紧急避孕的知识、态度和实践

为探讨新婚前后人群对避孕方法(特别是紧急避孕方法)的知识、态度和使用以及新婚前后人群对紧急避孕的需求及对推广EC的意愿的建议。采用描述性流行病学研究方法,以郑州市新婚学校为研究现场,直接收集第一手数据。采用EPI INF6.04软件包,和SPSS7.5 FOR WINDOW95软件包,进行数据处理、统计与分析。统计分析的主要指标有:频数分布,单因素分析,logistic多元回归分析等。结果平均年龄26.41岁,女性占49.4％。在第一次同房时,仅有46.4％的人使用过避孕方法。第一次同房时最常用的避孕方法是避孕套(76.1％)。在女性应答者中,25岁以下开始同房者占76.6％,有9.3％的人有过人工流产史。88.2％的人每周有1～6次同房。有43.2％的人听说过EC方法,有35.9％的人听说过紧急避孕片,有29.9％的人知道使用EC片有时间限制,有24.7％的人听说过上环可作为紧急避孕方法,有17.4％的人知道上环紧急避孕方法有时间限制。仅有12.9％的人使用过某种事后避孕方法,其中有事后3天内使用者占82.0％。92.6％的人赞成开展EC教育。73.7％的人认为,应在未婚青少年中开展EC教育。80.7％的人认为,在本单位进行EC教育是可行的。应答者认为,最易的接受的EC教育形式依次为:阅读材料(40.4％),录相(20.6％)和讲课(15.7％)。认为EC的最可靠的信息来源     

The effects of practice and delay on motor skill learning and retention

The present study assessed the effects of amount of practice and length of delay on the learning and retention of a timed motor sequence task. Participants learned to reproduce ten-element visual sequences by tapping in synchrony with the stimulus. Participants were randomly assigned to a varied-practice condition or a varied-delay condition. In the varied-practice condition, participants received either one, three, or six blocks of practice followed by a fixed 4-week delayed-recall. In the varied-delay condition, participants received three blocks of practice followed by a varied delay of either 3 days, or 2, 4, or 8 weeks. Learning was assessed by changes in accuracy, response variance, and percent response asynchrony. Our results showed that amount of practice per se did not affect learning and retention of the task. Rather, distribution of practice over several days was the most important factor affecting learning and retention. We hypothesize that passage of time is essential for a maximum benefit of practice to be gained, as the time delay may allow for consolidation of learning, possibly reflecting plastic changes in motor cortical representations of the skill. With regards to delay, our findings suggest that explicit and motoric components of a motor sequence are likely to be learned and maintained in separate but interacting systems. First, only the longest delay group showed decrements in percent correct, indicating that longer lengths of delay might hinder retrieval of explicit aspects of the task. Second, all groups showed a decrement in percent response asynchrony, suggesting that synchronization may be a more difficult parameter to maintain because it relies heavily on sensorimotor integration.     

让核心价值观成为员工的精神追求

血站文化建设的核心是促使全体职工形成统一的核心价值观。采用小组讨论、专题讲座、座谈沟通、问卷调查、专题研讨等方法提炼了组织核心价值观,并采用多种形式促进核心价值观落地。使核心价值观真正内化为职工的精神追求,外化为职工的自觉行动,有力地推动了无偿献血事业健康、可持续发展。     

The optimal usage of the ISCP by trainee and trainer

The Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme (ISCP) provides the Curriculum with the specialty syllabus, trainee’s portfolio of activity, and the process and recording of assessment. It is an excellent resource and in order to gain the optimal benefit trainees and trainers are recommended to invest some time in navigating through the site and understand its functionality. The launch of the 2021 Surgical Curricula is an important change with the new assessment tool of the Multiple Consultant Report (MCR) and the trainee input with their self-assessment. The ISCP has incorporated the MCR assessment process (Generic Professional Capabilities and Capabilities in Practice) into the learning agreement structure such that the progression through to the higher-level outcome of the curriculum, defined as a day 1 consultant in a specialty, is enhanced by frequent and focussed feedback specific to the trainee. To achieve the optimal outcomes, it is important to have strong engagement with the ISCP and the useability has been enhanced to facilitate this.