Introduction of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at the community level in Senegal

Objective

To demonstrate that training ensures correct administration of oral misoprostol by auxiliary midwives for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) among women giving birth at the community level in Senegal.

Methods

A 6-day training program for auxiliary midwives and supervisors, including 1 day of PPH prevention training and a practicum of 10 deliveries at health centers and 3 deliveries at maternity huts, was conducted in 2 Senegalese districts in June–July 2009. Data were collected between July and December 2009 on the administration of oral misoprostol by trained auxiliary midwives among 245 women giving birth at health centers, health posts, and maternity huts.

Results

All participating women received the correct administration of oral misoprostol; however, few women delivering in the community-based maternity huts received the supervision that is locally required to administer misoprostol. Women were willing to pay for some or all of the costs of misoprostol for PPH prevention.

Conclusion

Timely management of PPH is essential to reduce maternal mortality. With limited training, auxiliary midwives achieved the correct administration of oral misoprostol that can attain this goal. Community delivery supervised by a skilled attendant limits access to, and need not be a requirement for, PPH prevention.     

严重产后出血产妇保留子宫的可能性

目的 探讨严重产后出血时产妇保留子宫的可能性。方法 回顾性分析2003年1月1日至2009年12月31日138例严重产后出血（出血量≥2000 ml）病例资料。结果 138例严重产后出血的病例中，子宫收缩乏力所致者占首位（60例，43.48％），其次为胎盘因素(55例，39.86％)，出血量2000～10 000ml，平均(3004±1473) ml。138例均输血，输血量800～7200ml。其中108例保留子宫病例出血量2000～7500 ml，平均(2546±932) ml；30例子宫切除病例，出血量2500～10 000ml，平均(4653±1857) ml，差异有统计学意义(t=8.57，P=0.00)。将所有病例分成前后2阶段比较：2003年至2005年子宫切除12例，发生率0.47‰，2006年至2009年子宫切除18例，发生率0.36‰；2组平均出血量分别为(3783±861) ml及（5233±2124）ml，差异有统计学意义(t=2.234，P=0.034)。产后出血达3000 ml以上病例中，保留子宫24例，平均出血量(3818±1284) ml；切除子宫27例，平均出血量(4900±1789) ml，2组差异有统计学意义(t=2.453，P=0.018)。2组出血量达3000ml所用时间分别为(160±129) min及(100±67) min，差异有统计学意义(t=2.113，P=0.04)。6例产后出血≥4000 ml且成功保留子宫的病例，平均出血量5570 ml。138例产妇中2例死亡，皆为羊水栓塞所致。围产儿死亡率3.73％。 结论产后出血量及出血速度是决定能否保留子宫的关键。对于具有出血高危因素的人群，应提前预防性应用前列腺素制剂，以减少出血量。宫腔填纱是有效的止血方法，尤其适用于前置胎盘引起的出血。     

Postpartum depression and mother-infant relationship at 3 months old

Background: This paper is part of a prospective, epidemiologic study concerning postpartum depression (PPD). The women were first examined during pregnancy; after delivery they were seen with their infants at 3 and 18 months. The present study focuses on the 3-months-postpartum results. Methods: A sample of 570 women and their infants were examined 3 months after delivery. Using the EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; Cox et al., 1987. Br. J. Psychiatry 150:782–786), 10.2% of these new mothers presented PPD. The focus of the study concerned the effects of this neurotic disorder on the mother, the infant and on the mother–infant relationship. Results: The deleterious effects concerning the infant were functional disorders such as eating or sleeping difficulties. The ‘depressed’ dyads presented less vocal and visual communications, less corporal interactions and less smiling. Conditions surrounding delivery and tiredness at 3 months are linked to difficulties in mother–infant relationship for the non-depressed mothers. Logistic models showed that primiparous PPD mothers have difficulties bathing their infants, whereas multiparous PPD mothers are more tired. Limitation: This study did not take into account either protective factors or the effects of the infant himself. Clinical relevance: Knowledge of the mothers’ and infants’ difficulties may help caregivers to detect these at-risk dyads and initiate therapeutic measures.     

临床应用导乐分娩对初产妇心理的影响

目的研究导乐分娩对初产妇分娩过程中心理状态的影响及对产后抑郁症的预防作用。方法选择定期在我院做产前检查的初产妇360例,将其随机分为导乐组(180例)和对照组(180例),导乐组采取导乐分娩,对照组采取常规分娩。观察和比较两组产妇分娩时的心理状态,并在产后4~6周对两组产妇均施测爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS),比较两组产妇产后抑郁症的发生率。结果导乐组产妇在分娩过程中的不良心理反应及产后抑郁症的发生率均显著低于对照组(χ2=50.4,P0.01;χ2=4.09,P0.05)。结论导乐分娩能有效降低初产妇在分娩过程中焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,并且能有效降低产后抑郁症的发生率。     

产后抑郁症患者认知模式与人格特质

目的探讨产后抑郁症患者(PPD)认知模式、人格特质的特点及两者之间的关系。方法采用自动思维问卷(ATQ)、功能失调性态度问卷(DAS)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)对389名产后3～7天的产妇进行测查。结果①在389名调查者中,产后抑郁症患者147例(37.8%);②产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇的ATQ总分和DAS总分差异有统计学意义(t=10.271,4.993;P<0.001);产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇DAS的7个因子脆弱性、完美化、强制性、寻求赞许、依赖性、自主性态度、认知哲学得分差异均有统计学意义(t=2.736,4.082,2.826,3.736,3.321,2.649,2.924;P<0.01);③产后抑郁症患者和产后非抑郁产妇的精神质(P)、内外倾(E)、神经质(N)、和说谎(L)4个量表的得分差异均有统计学意义(t=3.990,2.052,11.154,4.038;P<0.01);④产后抑郁症患者的精神质与ATQ总分,认知哲学呈正相关(r=0.276,0.223;P<0.01);说谎与ATQ总分呈负相关(r=-0.252,P<0.01);内外倾与脆弱性、自主性态度呈负相关(r=-0.144,-0.167;P<0.05),神经质与ATQ总分、吸引/排斥呈正相关(r=0.369,0.183;P<0.05);⑤精神质和神经质可以预测产后抑郁症患者的自动思维,建立的回归方程为:ATQ=3.959+0.705×TN+0.329×TP。结论产后抑郁症患者存在歪曲认知;产妇的人格特质与抑郁的发生关系密切,对自动思维具有预测作用。     

产后与非产后抑郁症患者失配性负波的对比研究

目的探讨产后抑郁症与非产后抑郁症患者失配性负波（MMN）的差异,为产后抑郁症的预防提供参考指标。方法选择2011年4月一2012年12月解放军第三医院精神科收治的24例产后抑郁症患者（产后组）和25例非产后抑郁症患者（非产后组）为研究对象,并检测其事件相关电位MMN,将其与26名健康志愿者（对照组）的结果进行比较。结果①与对照组相比,产后组、非产后组blMN潜伏期均显著延迟（t=2．84,5．26;P〈0．05）,波幅均显著降低（t=4．16,4．19;P〈0．01）;②与产后组相比,非产后组MMN潜伏期显著延迟,差异有统计学意义（t=3．63,P〈0．05）;两组波幅差异均无统计学意义。结论产后与非产后抑郁症患者信息自动加工功能均受损,非产后抑郁患者受损程度大于产后抑郁患者。提示产后与非产后抑郁症患者大脑对外界信息的自动加工采用不同的机制。     

Risk factors for blood transfusion in Cesarean section: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe current study has been conducted to identify the risk factors associated with blood transfusion in women undergoing cesarean section (C-section). A detailed account of the risk factors associated withblood transfusion will ultimately prevent unnecessary crossmatching in hospitals , leading to the conservation of declining blood supplies and resources without subjugating the quality of care.Material and methodsWe performed a rigorous literature search using electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase, for studies evaluating the risk factors for blood transfusion in C-section published until March 31, 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was deployed to assess the methodologic quality of the included studies. Mean differences (MD) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Review Manager version 5.3.ResultsThe search yielded 1563 records, 22 of which were eligible for inclusion, representing 426,094 women (10,959 in the transfused group and 415,135 in the non-transfused group). Participants in the transfused group had lower mean preoperative hematocrit (MD = ?3.71 [?4.46, ?2.96]; p < 0.00001; I² = 88%). Placenta previa (OR = 9.54 [7.23, 12.59]; p < 0.00001; I² = 88%), placental abruption (OR = 6.77 [5.25, 8.73]; p < 0.00001; I² = 72%), emergency C-section (OR = 1.92 [1.42, 2.60]; p < 0.0001; I² = 75%), general anesthesia (OR = 8.43 [7.90, 9.00]; p < 0.00001; I² = 72%), multiple gestations (OR = 1.60 [1.24, 2.06]; p = 0.0003; I² = 85%), preterm labor (OR = 3.34 [2.75, 4.06]; p < 0.00001; I² = 85%), prolonged labor (OR = 1.68 [1.44, 1.96]; p < 0.00001; I² = 78%), unbooked cases (OR = 2.42 [1.22, 4.80]; p = 0.01; I² = 80%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (OR = 1.81 [1.72, 1.90]; p < 0.00001; I² = 71%), and fibroids (OR = 2.32 [1.55, 3.47]; p < 0.0001; I² = 72%) were significantly higher in the transfused group compared to the non-transfused group. Chronic hypertension (OR = 0.67 [0.29, 1.55]; p = 0.36; I² = 90%), maternal age (MD = 0.09 [?0.27, 0.45]; p = 0.62; I² = 50%), maternal body mass index (MD = ?0.14 [?0.81, 0.53]; p = 0.67, I² = 86%), diabetes (OR = 0.93 [0.75, 1.15]; p = 0.51; I² = 52%), and malpresentation (OR = 0.65 [0.38, 1.11]; p = 0.13; I² = 64%) were not significantly associated with an increased risk of blood transfusion in C-section in the two groups.ConclusionPlacenta previa, placental abruption, emergency C-section, booking status, multiple gestations, and preoperative hematocrit were the risk factors most significantly associated with blood transfusion, while a prior C-section did not increase the risk of transfusion.     

产后大出血的原因分析与预防和护理体会

目的探讨产妇产后大出血的发生原因与预防措施。方法回顾性分析我院2007年1月至2009年6月收治的52例产妇产后大出血患者的临床资料。结果产后大出血主要原因是子宫复旧不良,其次是胎盘残留,再次是软产道损伤及产褥感染。结论产后大出血可采用清宫术、宫缩剂及抗感染等对症治疗,同时要加强护理工作。     

心理干预对产后抑郁症疗效的影响

目的探讨心理干预对产后抑郁症疗效的影响。方法将产后抑郁症患者随机分为心理干预组和对照组,治疗6周,分别给予心理干预配合药物治疗和单独使用药物治疗,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和临床疗效总评量表对病情严重程度(CGI-SI)评定疗效。结果 1治疗第6周末心理干预组有效率优于对照组,差异有显著性(χ2=5.455,P=0.020);2两组治疗后各周末HAMD评分较治疗前均极显著降低(P0.01);两组间比较,治疗后2周开始心理干预组HAMD评分明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(P0.05);3治疗第6周末两组病情严重程度(CGI-SI)均较治疗前有极显著改善(t=14.46及14.42,均为P0.01);治疗后心理干预组CGI-SI评分低于对照组,差异有显著性(t=2.50,P=0.015)。结论心理干预可显著改善产后抑郁症患者的抑郁症状,提高其生活质量。     

Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum

Summary Objective: This study investigated the prevalence and nature of generalized anxiety symptoms in women who were eight weeks postpartum. Method: A community-based sample of 68 postpartum women completed an interview assessing generalized anxiety disorder and depression and a self-report measure of worry associated with concerns relevant to postpartum women. Results: Three women (4.4%) met DSM-IV criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, and an additional 19 women (27.9%) endorsed subsyndromal difficulties with generalized anxiety. Approximately one third of these women endorsed symptoms of depression. In contrast, only two woman met criteria for major depressive disorder. Conclusion: Postpartum generalized anxiety has a higher prevalence than postpartum depression. Received February 26, 2002; accepted November 11, 2002 Published online January 31, 2003 Acknowledgement This work was supported by a New Faculty Scholar Award and a Graduate Research Fellowship from the University of North Dakota. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Jennifer Brendle, Peter Schmutzer, Talia Tweten, and Chad Lystad for their assistance with this research. Correspondence: Amy Wenzel, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380, U.S.A.; e-mail: amy_wenzel@und.nodak.edu