Is Mode of Delivery Associated With Sexual Response? A Pilot Study of Genital and Subjective Sexual Arousal in Primiparous Women With Vaginal or Cesarean Section Births

IntroductionAlthough postpartum sexual concerns are common, limited data exist on postpartum sexual response. Furthermore, the physiological process of vaginal birth may negatively impact genital response compared with unlabored cesarean section (C-section), but this hypothesis has yet to be tested.AimTo (i) compare genital and subjective sexual response and sexual concordance by mode of delivery with inclusion of a control group, (ii) compare groups on self-reported sexual function over the past month, (iii) examine the relationship between laboratory measurement of sexual response and self-reported sexual function, and (iv) investigate association between obstetrical factors and breastfeeding and between sexual response and self-reported sexual function.Methods3 groups of cisgender women were recruited from the community: primiparous women who delivered via vaginal birth within the past 2 years (VB group; n = 16), primiparous women who delivered via unlabored C-section within the past 2 years (CS group, n = 15), and age-matched nulliparous women (NP group, n = 18). Laser Doppler imaging was used to assess genital response while participants watched a neutral and erotic film.Main Outcome MeasuresThe main outcome measures were change in flux units from neural to erotic video as a measure of genital response, subjective sexual arousal rated continuously throughout films, perceived genital response rated after films, and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).ResultsWomen in the VB group had significantly lower change in flux units than women in the CS (P = .005, d = 1.39) and NP (P < .001, d = 1.80) groups. Groups did not differ on their subjective indices of sexual response or in sexual concordance. Women in both postpartum groups reported lower FSFI scores than women in the NP group. No relationship was determined between FSFI scores and sexual response in the laboratory. Results suggested that genital trauma and breastfeeding may negatively impact FSFI scores, but they were not related to genital response or subjective sexual arousal as measured in the laboratory.Clinical ImplicationsResults underscore the importance of balancing objective and subjective indices of sexual response and function, especially considering the biopsychosocial nature of postpartum sexuality.Strengths & LimitationsThe present study is the first to apply modern sexual psychophysiological methodology to the study of postpartum sexuality. Cross-sectional methodology limits the ability to make causal inferences, and the strict inclusion criteria limits generalizability.ConclusionPhysiological changes as a result of labor and delivery may have a detrimental impact on genital response; however, these physiological differences may not impact women's subjective experience of postpartum sexuality.Cappell J, Bouchard KN, Chamberlain SM, et al. Is Mode of Delivery Associated With Sexual Response? A Pilot Study of Genital and Subjective Sexual Arousal in Primiparous Women With Vaginal or Cesarean Section Births. J Sex Med 2020; 17:257–272.     

早期皮肤接触对剖宫产产妇心理状态及母乳喂养的影响:前瞻性随机对照试验

目的探讨母婴早期皮肤接触(skin-to-skin contact,SSC)对剖宫产产妇心理状态及母乳喂养的影响。方法前瞻性选取2017年8月1日至12月31日在深圳市南山区妇幼保健院行择期足月剖宫产的产妇221例,随机分为早接触组和对照组。对照组产后常规护理;早接触组实施母婴早期SSC,即新生儿娩出后1 h内赤裸全身俯卧于母亲裸露的乳房之间,持续1~2 h。观察指标包括:(1)泌乳启动时间以及首次母乳喂养测量工具评分;(2)产后72 h和42 d的纯母乳喂养率、母乳喂养自我效能量表评分和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表评分。采用两独立样本t检验、χ2检验和二分类logistic回归进行统计学分析。结果最终210例产妇纳入分析,早接触组和对照组各105例。42 d随访时早接触组失访20例,对照组失访17例。与对照组比较,早接触组首次母乳喂养成功率[77.1%(81/105)与59.1%(62/105),χ2=7.913]、首次母乳喂养测量工具评分[(9.5±1.7)与(8.6±1.4)分,t=4.115]、泌乳启动时间≤24 h的比例[41.0%(43/105)与12.4%(13/105),χ2=23.205]、产后72 h和42 d的纯母乳喂养率[36.2%(38/105)与22.9%(24/105);76.5%(65/85)与60.2%(63/88);χ2值分别为4.486和5.261]以及产后72 h和42 d母乳喂养自我效能量表评分[(117.5±12.0)与(111.8±22.3)分;(124.3±11.6)与(113.1±19.0)分;t值分别为2.100和4.710]均提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。但早接触组产后72 h和42 d的爱丁堡产后抑郁量表评分与对照组差异无统计学意义[(5.4±3.5)与(5.9±4.0)分,t=0.937,P=0.350;(7.0±3.7)与(8.1±4.0)分,t=0.905,P=0.058]。二分类logistic回归分析显示,早期SSC是产后42 d纯母乳喂养成功的保护因素(OR=2.359,95%CI:1.173~4.743,P=0.016)。结论早期SSC可以提高剖宫产产妇母乳喂养自信心,促进泌乳启动,提高首次母乳喂养的成功率和产褥期纯母乳喂养率,是一种值得推广的临床实践。     

Factores que influyen en la dispareunia posparto: una revisión sistemática

Dyspareunia is defined as the presence of persistent or recurrent pain during sexual intercourse and is considered one of the main postpartum sexual dysfunctions. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that influence the appearance of dyspareunia in the postpartum period. A literature review was conducted in the following databases in January 2018: Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus. A total of 15 articles were obtained after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main risk factors in postpartum dyspareunia are the type of delivery (being higher in caesarean sections and instrumental deliveries), perineal trauma and/or episiotomy, and breastfeeding. The psychosocial situation can also affect the appearance of this disorder.     

Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Primiparous Adolescents after Vaginal Delivery: A Cohort Study

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate urinary incontinence (UI) risk factors in primiparous adolescents between 7 and 48 months after vaginal delivery.DesignCohort study.SettingPhysical Therapy Laboratory on Women's Health and Pelvic Floor at the Federal University of Pernambuco.Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome MeasuresCohort follow-up time was 7-48 months after delivery, guaranteeing that no participant presented with UI until 7 months after the infant's birth. Primiparous adolescents aged 10-19 years were included in the study, and those who had UI during pregnancy were excluded. Sample size was estimated at 140 volunteers, considering the calculation for logistic regression, with 20 observation units for each of the 7 variables proposed in the theoretical model developed for the study. The volunteers answered the evaluation form, providing information on the outcome of interest and possible risk factors. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsThe following risk factors for UI were identified in primiparous adolescents after vaginal delivery: episiotomy (Relative risk [RR]_a, 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-6.06), large newborn for gestational age (RR_a, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.68–12.46) and less than six prenatal appointments (RR_a, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.05–6.04).ConclusionProfessionals working in maternal health care should pay special attention to primigravid mothers, guide prenatal appointments, avoid routine episiotomy, and use obstetric practices recommended by the World Health Organization.     

升降式便器椅的设计及临床应用

<正>剖宫产拔除尿管后首次起床排尿时容易发生体位性低血压;阴道分娩的产妇,产后第一次排尿时,容易发生排尿困难,导致尿潴留,而影响子宫收缩发生产后大出血[1]。如处理不及时很容易发生护理纠纷。为此,我们设计了升降式便器椅。现介绍如下。     

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞16例临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的高危因素、病因、诊断、治疗和预防. 方法 对1992年1月至2011年4月间本院收治的16例妊娠期及产褥期VTE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.采用病例对照研究方法,配对t检验比较VTE患者(病例组)发生VTE前与正常孕妇(对照组)血常规及凝血功能的差异. 结果 收治的16例VTE患者经彩色多普勒超声或CT肺动脉造影确诊,5例(31.2％)发生于妊娠期,11例(68.8％)发生于产褥期;2例(12.5％)继发肺血栓栓塞;≥35岁者6例(37.5％);有妊娠合并症或并发症者12例(75.0％).病例组发病前红细胞压积为0.29±0.06,低于对照组(0.39±0.02),差异有统计学意义(t=4.56,P=0.01),但组间凝血功能的差异无统计学意义.经抗凝、手术及对症支持等治疗,15例VTE患者恢复良好出院,1例继发肺血栓栓塞患者因合并风湿性心脏病,在抗凝治疗后仍持续性休克,放置下腔静脉滤网后行溶栓治疗,但出现持续呼吸道出血,抢救无效死亡. 结论 产褥期较妊娠期更易发生VTE,筛查VTE的实验室指标仍需进一步研究,抗凝是VTE的首选治疗方法.对有VTE高危因素的孕产妇应积极预防、早期诊治,以减少并发症及远期后遗症的发生.     

Administration of 400 μg of misoprostol to augment routine active management of the third stage of labor

Objective

To assess the effectiveness and safety of the administration of misoprostol, an orally active prostaglandin, in addition to routine uterotonic therapy as part of the active management of the third stage of labor.

Methods

The present study was a hospital-based, decentralized, multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. We enrolled 1103 women (out of a target sample size of 1180) at 4 hospitals in South Africa, Uganda, and Nigeria. Participants received a sublingual dose of 400 μg of misoprostol or a placebo, in addition to standard active management of the third stage of labor, after vaginal birth.

Results

The baseline characteristics of the participants were comparable. The difference in the primary outcome of blood loss of 500 mL or more within 1 hour of randomization was not significant between the 2 groups (misoprostol 22/546 [4.0%] versus placebo 35/553 [6.3%]; relative risk, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-1.07). Shivering and pyrexia occurred more frequently in the misoprostol group. No maternal deaths occurred.

Conclusion

The present study did not confirm a beneficial effect of administering 400 μg of misoprostol, in addition to routine uterotonic therapy, during the third stage of labor, but was consistent with other trials showing a cumulative modest benefit. Where routine uterotonics are available for prophylactic use, any potential benefit of misoprostol might not outweigh the likelihood of adverse effects. Trial registered on clinical trials.gov: NCT 00124540.     

Maternal mortality in Greece, 1996-2006

Objective

To present retrospective data for maternal deaths in Greece from 1996 to 2006.

Methods

Demographic information and information on the causes of death was provided by the Hellenic Statistical Authority. Maternal deaths were assessed by cause of death, maternal age, and place of residence. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was estimated and expressed as the number of deaths per 100 000 live births.

Results

From 1996 to 2006, 29 deaths were attributed to pregnancy and childbirth, yielding a total MMR of 2.63. The leading cause of direct deaths was hemorrhage and that of indirect deaths was cardiac disease. There was a borderline significant decline in the MMR during the study period. The MMR was significantly higher at the extremes of the reproductive age range.

Conclusion

Maternal mortality in Greece is low; however, no formal data have been published since 1996. Knowledge of the causes of maternal death can lead to the prevention of maternal deaths and safer motherhood.     

剖宫产术后产后出血的原因及对策

随着剖宫产率的逐年上升,剖宫产术后出血成为产后出血的主要原因之一,本文对剖宫产术后常见的出血原因,如早期子宫收缩乏力、胎盘因素、手术操作因素、凝血功能障碍等因素进行了分析,总结了剖宫产术后出血的预防措施,包括产前纠正高危因素、产时选择合适的处理措施与精细化手术操作、产后严密监测病情等。     

围产期子宫切除术后再次行腹腔探查术患者的临床特点分析

目的 探讨产后出血围产期子宫切除术后再次腹腔探查手术的原因及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2009年7月广州市重症孕产妇救治中心收治的88例产后出血致围产期子宫切除病例,其中14例为再次探查手术组,74例为非再次探查手术组.比较两组的如下各项指标:分娩方式、子宫切除指征及方式、再次探查手术的间隔时间及手术方式、并发症、失血量、输血量、格拉斯哥评分、呼吸机辅助呼吸率、重症监护病房入住率、重症监护病房入住时间、住院时间及结局等.结果 88例围产期子宫切除患者中再次探查手术者14例,发生率为15.91%,均因子宫切除后腹腔内出血行再次探查手术.再次探查手术组患者并发弥漫性血管内凝血的比例显著高于非再次探查手术组(92.9%与43.2%,x2=11.598,P=0.001),同时羊水栓塞比例也显著增高(28.6%与2.7%,x2=8.663,P=0.003).再次探查手术止血方式:宫颈残端切除(5例),残端缝扎止血(8例)和右附件切除及腹膜后血肿清除(1例).再次探查手术组比非再次探查手术组患者具有更高的出血量、输血量、重症监护病房入住率及呼吸机辅助呼吸率[(8752.9±4593.0)ml与(3742.4±2689.9)ml,P=0.000;(8163.6±3903.1)ml与(2958.8±2323.0)ml,P=0.000;100.0%与41.9%,P=0.000;100.0%与24.3%,P=0.000];同时格拉斯哥评分≤8分比例及多器官功能障碍综合征比例显著增高(71.4%与25.7%,x2=9.179,P=0.002;71.4%与14.9%,x2=17.735,P=0.000);且ICU入住时间及住院时间明显延长[ICU入住时间:(11.4±10.0)d与(1.3±2.3)d;住院时间:(24.0±13.1)d与(12.7±7.0)d,P均=0.000].14例患者均临床痊愈出院.结论 围产期子宫切除术后再次探查手术的发生率不低,腹腔内出血是再次探查手术的主要原因.再次探查手术可能与凝血功能障碍及子宫切除方式选择不当等有关.再次探查手术患者并发症严重.

Abstract：

Objective To analyse the causes and clinical characteristics of re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage. Methods Clinical data was analysed retrospectively including 88 critically ill obstetric patients who underwent peripartum hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage in the Obstetric Critical Care Center of Guangzhou from January 1999 to July 2009, which were divided into re-explored group (n= 14) and non-re-explored group (n=74)depending on whether the patient underwent re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy. The main demographic data and clinical details were compared between the two groups, including mode of delivery, indication and type of hysterectomy, interval from hysterectomy to re-exploration, surgical intervention, complications, blood loss, blood transfusion,Glasgow Coma Score(GCS), the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay and hospital stay. Results Fourteen out of the 88 (15.91%) patients underwent re-exploration due to internal bleeding after peripartum hysterectomy.Removal of cervical stump was performed in five patients and stump hemostasis in eight cases.Significant difference was found between the re-exploration and non-re-explored group on thepercentage of patients complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation(92.9% vs 43.2%,x2=11.598,P=0.001) and amniotic fluid embolism (28.6% vs 2.7%, x2 =8.663, P=0.003).0.000], blood transfusion [(8163.6± 3903.1 ) ml vs (2958.8± 2323.0) ml, P = 0.000], intensive care unit admission rate (100.0% vs 41.9%, x2 = 15.909, P= 0.000), the need for mechanical ventilation (100.0% vs 24.3%,P=0.000), the number of patients with GCS≤8 score (71.4% vs 25.7% ,x2 = 9.179, P = 0.002 ), the number of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ( 71.4% vs 14.9%, x2 = 17.735, P = 0.000), intensive care unit stay [ ( 11.4 ± 10.0 ) d vs ( 1.3 ± 2.3 ) d, P =0.000] and hospital stay[(24.0±13.1) d vs (12.7±7.0) d, P=0.000]. Allof the 14 cases were clinical recovered before discharge. Conclusions The rate of re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy is not low, and internal bleeding is the most common causes. The re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy might be associated with coagulopathy and the mode of hysterectomy, and patients may experience more severe complications.