Vitamin D and Estrogen Receptor Polymorphisms and Bone Mineral Changes in Postpartum Women

BsmI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and PvuII RFLPs of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene and their relation to changes in areal bone mineral density (BMD) were examined in 43 healthy postpartum Finnish women aged 31.3 (SD 4.7) years. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar spine, right femoral neck, and dominant distal radius immediately after delivery, 1 month after resumption of menses, and 1 year thereafter. The RFLPs were represented as Bb (BsmI) and Pp (PvuII), the capital letters denoting the absence of and the small letters the presence of the restriction sites. The frequency of VDR alleles was as follows: bb (20.9%), Bb (60.5%), and BB (18.6%), and that of ER alleles was pp (39.5%), Pp (51.2%), and PP (9.3%). Altogether, BMD decreased significantly during postpartum amenorrhea at all sites [the mean bone loss ranging from −1.2 (SD 3.6)% at the distal radius to −3.7 (2.9)% at the femoral neck], and increased after resumption of menses [the 1-year follow-up BMD values ranging from −1.0 (2.4)% at the femoral neck to +3.3 (4.0)% at the lumbar spine as compared with baseline]. No obvious genotype-related differences were found between these changes. These results suggest that the BsmI and PvuII polymorphisms may not have substantial influence on BMD changes postpartum. Received: 20 November 1998 / Accepted: 30 September 1999     

剖宫产术后出血的特点及临床分析

目的:了解剖宫产术后出血的规律及临床特点。方法:对432例剖宫产与阴道产发生产后出血(包括晚期出血)的产妇资料进行分析,比较出血量、出血时间及其它相关因素。结果:剖宫产产后出血及休克的发生率、出血量均明显高于阴道产(P<0.01);在晚期产后出血中,两者之间比较无显著差异。晚期产后出血多发生于产后第3周(71.1％)。结论:剖宫产较阴道产更易发生产后出血,而且出血量多。为减少剖宫产产后出血,严格手术操作、术中仔细检查胎盘、清理宫腔、加强术后观察是减少产后出血的关键。     

阴道分娩产后出血相关因素分析

目的:探讨阴道分娩产后出血的相关因素,以加强防治。方法:对经阴道分娩的产妇793例,使用容积法、称量 法及面积法估计产后出血量,发生产后出血的有45例,占5.68％。结果:产后出血的主要原因是宫缩乏力,影响产后出血的因素 较多,包括使用产钳助产、新生儿体重偏大、使用人工剥离方式娩出胎盘等。结论:产后出血是受多种因素影响的,因此必须采 取相应的措施预防产后出血。     

Management of the third stage of labor in an Egyptian teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The study describes normal labor practices in an Egyptian teaching hospital for the first time, where postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality. Third-stage management patterns are described and compared to evidence-based medicine. Reasons for third-stage practices observed are explored. STUDY DESIGN: 176 normal births were directly observed. Women were interviewed postpartum and study findings were shared with providers. RESULTS: Third-stage active management was correctly done for 15% of women observed. Most common deviations for the remaining 85% were: giving uterotonic drugs after placental delivery (65%) and without cord traction (49%). Passive management was not done for any observed delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive role actively managing the third stage can provide against postpartum hemorrhage was lost to the majority of the deliveries observed. Obstacles to adopting protocols shown to reduce hemorrhage should be explored, given the contribution of postpartum hemorrhage to maternal deaths in Egypt.     

剖宫产术中放置吉娜IUD后产褥出血量及恶露持续时间的观察

目的:观察剖宫产术中放置吉娜固定式宫内节育器(GyneFix PP IUD)对产时、产后出血、恶露持续时间及子宫复旧的影响。方法:对200例剖宫产放置吉娜IUD和204例剖宫产未放IUD妇女产时、产后出血量,产后恶露持续时间进行比较,并B超复查产后42天、90天时子宫复旧情况及吉娜IUD的状况。结果:两组产后出血量、恶露持续时间无显著差异,子宫复旧正常。在产后42天复查时吉娜脱落率为4％。86％的妇女可在宫颈见到吉娜尾丝。结论:剖宫产术即时放置吉娜IUD是安全的,未增加产后出血量及恶露持续时间,不影响子宫复旧,为产后即时避孕提供了新的选择。     

米索前列醇防治高危产后出血临床研究

目的 :观察口服米索前列醇用于预防高危产后出血的效果。方法 :将足月妊娠分娩有发生产后出血高危因素的产妇 98例随机分为 :①实验组 :5 0例 ,在胎儿娩出后立即口服米索前列醇 4 0 0 μg ,②对照组 :4 8例 ,在胎儿娩出后立即宫体内注射催产素 2 0U。产后 2 4h内平均出血量 ,试验组 (390± 6 2 .9)mL ,对照组 (435± 6 9.3)mL ,两组比较 ,P <0 .0 5。用药前后血压变化差异无显著意义。结论 :米索前列醇具有比催产素更强的子宫收缩作用 ,能很好地预防高危因素的产后出血 ,且用药方便、安全。     

Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intravenous ergometrine, intramuscular oxytocin, and oral misoprostol in the control of postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: Mean blood loss, rates of blood loss between 500 and 1000 ml, hematocrit fall greater than 10%, and need for additional oxytocic agents and nature and rates of adverse effects were assessed in this prospective, randomized, controlled study. RESULTS: All outcomes were similar in the 3 groups. The main adverse effects in the misoprostol group were temperatures higher than 99 degrees F, which normalized within 2 h and shivering, which was mild and self-limiting. CONCLUSIONS: Oral misoprostol is as effective as conventional oxytocic agents in preventing postpartum hemorrhage and can be recommended for use in low-resource settings.     

Oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by paramedical workers in India.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether paramedical workers from rural primary health centers in India are able to administer oral misoprostol and actively manage the third stage of labor to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). METHOD: Cluster randomization was used to enroll 1200 women at 30 peripheral health centers from 5 states in India, 600 forming the study's intervention group (active management of the third stage of labor with 600 mug of oral misoprostol) and 600 forming the comparison group (in which the current government guidelines for the prevention of PPH were followed). The primary outcome was blood loss after delivery, which was measured using a calibrated blood collection drape. RESULTS: Age, literacy level, occupation, and gravidity were similar in the 2 groups. More than 70% of women in both groups had moderate anemia (hemoglobin level <10 g/dL). Paramedical workers followed instructions in almost all deliveries in the intervention group (99%). There was a significant reduction in duration of the third stage of labor (7.9 +/- 4.2 min vs. 10.9 +/- 4.3 min; p < .001) and median blood loss after delivery (100 mL vs. 200 mL; p < .001) in the intervention group. Overall, a low incidence of PPH was observed (<1%) in both groups. A greater number of women had moderate to severe shivering (12.7% vs. 0.5%) and a temperature higher than 38 degrees C (9.7% vs. 4.3%) in the intervention group, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Simple interventions can be easily implemented in rural health care settings to reduce the blood loss during labor. This finding has significant implications for developing countries, in which the prevalence of anemia is high.