血脂异常与冠心病关系的临床研究进展

血脂代谢异常与冠心病的关系越来越受到心血管专家的关注,近年来循证医学的研究也越来越重视这一领域,同时也有大量的证据得以证实。本文从血脂代谢基本概念,高脂血症最新概念和冠心病与脂代谢异常的国内外最新临床研究,来阐述血脂代谢异常与冠心病的关系。     

Herbal hepatotoxicity: Analysis of cases with initially reported positive re-exposure tests

BackgroundPositive re-exposure tests are diagnostic hallmarks for hepatotoxicity.ObjectiveTo test validity of positive re-exposures in herb induced liver injury.MethodsWe searched Medline database for cases of herb induced liver injury with positive re-exposures and analysed 34 cases for positive re-exposure test criteria of baseline alanine aminotransferase < 5N before re-exposure, and re-exposure alanine aminotransferase ≥ 2× baseline alanine aminotransferase. Re-exposure test was negative, if baseline alanine aminotransferase < 5N combined with re-exposure alanine aminotransferase < 2× baseline alanine aminotransferase, or if baseline alanine aminotransferase ≥ 5N regardless of the re-exposure alanine aminotransferase including no available re-exposure alanine aminotransferase result.ResultsIn 21/34 cases (61.8%), criteria for a positive re-exposure were fulfilled, with negative tests in 6/34 cases (17.6%) or uninterpretable ones in 7/34 cases (20.6%). Confirmed positive re-exposure tests established potential of herb induced liver injury for Aloe, Chaparral, Chinese herbal mixtures, Chinese Jin Bu Huan, Chinese Syo Saiko To, Germander, Greater Celandine, Green tea, Kava, Mistletoe, Polygonum multiflorum, and Senna, with up to 4 case reports per herb.ConclusionsAmong 34 cases of herb-induced liver injury with initially reported positive re-exposure tests, 61.8% of the cases actually fulfilled established test criteria and provided firm diagnoses of herb induced liver injury by various herbs.     

Cardiac afferents and the renal response to positive pressure ventilation in the dog

The effects of cardiac denervation on renal function during spontaneous breathing (SB) and controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) were investigated in six mongrel dogs. Selective and reversible blockade of cardiac afferents was achieved by instillation of procaine 2% into the pericardium. Application of procaine 2% into the pericardium during SB caused a statistically significant depression of urine flow (-55%), of sodium (-64%) and potassium excretion (-42%), and of inulin (-21%) and PAH-clearance (-30%). After institution of CMV with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cm H₂O a further, statistically significant decrease in urine flow (-42%) and sodium excretion (-70%) and of the inulin (-15%) and PAH-clearance (-38%) was observed. Global hemodynamics, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and cardiac index (CI) did not change significantly after installing procaine 2% into the pericardium during SB. After institution of CMV an increase in CVP and MPAP occurred whereas MAP and CI remained unchanged. During the following periods of spontaneous breathing first with blockade of cardiac afferents and later after washing out the procaine with NaCl 0.9% all parameters of renal function approached control levels as measured in the first period of spontaneous breathing without cardiac denervation.From the Institut für Anästhesiologie of the University of Düsseldorf (Chairman: Prof. Dr. M. Zindler) and the Abteilung für experimentelle Anästhesiologie of the University of Düsseldorf (Director: Prof. Dr. J. O. Arndt)Supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 30 Kardiologie, D-4000 Düsseldorf, FRGPresented in part at the 2nd European Meeting on Intensive Care, Geneva, Switzerland, 17–20th May, 1983     

HIV阳性伴发抑郁情绪临床研究

目的 调查HIV阳性病人中抑郁症状发生率及治疗效果。方法 120名HIV阳性病人应用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行调查，并以DSM—Ⅳ抑郁症症状诊断标准予以诊断。检出的抑郁病人随机分为心理治疗组(23例)和阿米替林治疗组(23例)，分别接受心理治疗和阿米替林治疗，为期8w。结果 120名HIV阳性病人中有46例符合抑郁症症状诊断标准，HAMD≥20分。心理治疗组和阿米替林治疗组治疗前后自身比较均有显性差异(P＜0．01)；阿米替林组与心理治疗组间比较有显性差异(P＜0．01)。结论 HIV阳性病人中抑郁情绪的发生率较高。心理治疗和阿米替林治疗对抑郁症状均有明显效果，阿米替林治疗效果优于心理治疗。     

Tamponade a rare cause of shock in patients with pancreatitis: Difficulty of diagnostic in patients with positive pressure ventilation

The causes of hemodynamic instability in acute pancreatitis are numerous. Although pericardial effusion during pancreatitis is common, a cardiac tamponade is rarely reported. The diagnosis of compressive cardiac disorders (CDD) by echocardiography is easily reported when the patient is breathing spontaneously; it becomes difficult when the patient is assisted with positive pressure ventilation.     

Effect of ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure on the development of lung damage in experimental acid aspiration pneumonia in the rabbit

Sixteen anaesthetized rabbits were subjected to tracheostomy and lung damage produced by the instillation of 4.5 ml/kg hydrochloric acid (pH 1.5) into the trachea. Half of the animals were ventilated with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 3 cmH₂O and half with a PEEP of 10 cmH₂O for 5 h, the mean airway pressure being kept at 12 cmH₂O by adjustment of the end-inspiratory pause time. Pressure-volume curves were recorded every hour. Although the arterial PO₂ values and compliance above the inflection point on the pressure-volume curve were greater in the group submitted to 10 cmH₂O PEEP, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of survival and histological findings.     

Cerebro-pulmonary interactions during the application of low levels of positive end-expiratory pressure

Objective In patients with severe brain injury and acute lung injury the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is limited by conflicting results on its effect on intracranial pressure. We hypothesised that the occurrence of alveolar hyperinflation during the application of PEEP would lead to an increase in PaCO₂ responsible for a rise in intracranial pressure.Design Prospective interventional study.Setting Intensive Care Unit of University Hospitals.Patients and participants Twelve severely brain-injured patients with acute lung injury and intracranial pressure higher than applied PEEP.Interventions 5 and 10 cmH₂O of PEEP was randomly applied.Measurements and results In all patients intracranial pressure, flow velocity by transcranial Doppler of middle cerebral artery, and jugular oxygen saturation were recorded. Static volume-pressure curves of the respiratory system were obtained, recruited volume and elastance calculated to classify patients as recruiters and non-recruiters. In recruiters (= 6 patients), elastance decreased (P<0.01) and PaO₂ increased (P<0.005), while in non-recruiters (= 6 patients) elastance and PaCO₂ significantly increased (P<0.001). Intracranial pressure, Doppler flow velocity, and jugular saturation remained constant in recruiters but significantly increased (P<0.0001) in non-recruiters. A significant correlation was found between changes in intracranial pressure and elastance (r² = 0.8 P<0.0001) and between changes in PaCO₂ and intracranial pressure (P<0.001, r² = 0.4) and elastance (P<0.001, r² = 0.4), respectively.Conclusions When PEEP induced alveolar hyperinflation leading to a significant increase in PaCO₂, intracranial pressure significantly increased, whereas when PEEP caused alveolar recruitment intracranial pressure did not change.Supported by Ministero dellUniversità e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica     

Counter striking psychosis: Commercial video games as potential treatment in schizophrenia? A systematic review of neuroimaging studies

Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, and strongly disabling neuropsychiatric disorder, characterized by cognitive decline, positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms respond well to antipsychotic medication and psycho-social interventions, in contrast to negative symptoms and neurocognitive impairments. Cognitive deficits have been linked to a poorer outcome and hence specific cognitive remediation therapies have been proposed. Their effectiveness is nowadays approved and neurobiological correlates have been reconfirmed by brain imaging studies. Interestingly, recent MRI work showed that commercial video games modified similar brain areas as these specialized training programs. If gray matter increases and functional brain modulations would translate in better cognitive and every day functioning, commercial video game training could be an enjoyable and economically interesting treatment option for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. This systematic review summarizes advances in the area with emphasis on imaging studies dealing with brain changes upon video game training and contrasts them to conventional cognitive remediation. Moreover, we discuss potential challenges therapeutic video game development and research would have to face in future treatment of schizophrenia.     

CT colonography after incomplete colonoscopy in subjects with positive faecal occult blood test

AIM： To report our experience with computed tomography colonography （CTC） systematically performed in subjects with positive faecal occult blood test （FOBT） and an incomplete colonoscopy in the setting of a population-based screening for colorectal cancer （CRC）.
METHODS： From April 2006 to April 2007, 43 290 individuals （age range 50-70） who adhered to the regional screening program for the prevention of CRC underwent immunochemical FOBT. FOBT was positive in 1882 subjects （4.3%）. 1463 （77.7%） of these subjects underwent colonoscopy, 903 performed in a single center. Of 903 colonoscopies 65 （7.2%） were incomplete. Forty-two of these subjects underwent CTC. CTC was performed with a 16-MDCT scanner after standard bowel prep （polyethyleneglycole） in both supine and prone position. Subjects whose CTC showed polyps or masses were referred to the endoscopist for repeat colonoscopy under sedation or underwent surgery. Perlesion and per-segment positive predictive values （PPV） were calculated.
RESULTS： Twenty-one （50%） of 42 CTCs showed polyps or masses. Fifty-five of these subjects underwent a repeat colonoscopy, whereas 2 subjects underwent surgery for colonic masses of indeterminate nature. Four subjects refused further examinations. CTC correctly identified 2 colonic masses and 20 polyps. PPV for masses or polyps greater than 9 mm was of 87.5%. Per-lesion and per-segment PPV were, respectively, 83.3% and 83.3% for polyps greater or equal to 10 mm, and 77.8% and 85.7% for polyps of 6-9 mm.
CONCLUSION： In the context of a screening program for CRC based on FOBT, CTC shows high per-segment and per-lesion PPV for colonic masses and polyps greater than 9 mm. Therefore, CTC has the potential to become a useful technique for evaluation of the non visualized part of the colon after incomplete colonoscopy.