Caprini评估模型筛选老年重症肺炎深静脉血栓的有效性

目的 分析老年重症肺炎合并深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的临床特点,回顾性验证Caprini风险评估模型筛选老年重症肺炎静脉血栓栓塞症的有效性.方法 采用病例对照研究设计,收集2015年度本院内科年龄≥65岁,重症肺炎合并DVT患者50例为病例组,采用随机数字表法与病例组2:1比例随机选取同时期的老年重症肺炎无DVT患者100例为对照组.回顾性收集患者临床表现、实验室检查、治疗等相关资料,采用Caprini评估量表对两组患者进行评分及VTE危险度分级.比较两组临床表现、凝血功能、炎性指标,采用多因素logistic回归分析重症肺炎患者DVT风险因素,及VTE危险度分级与重症肺炎患者VTE发病风险的关系.结果 两组临床表现中,DVT组卧床、下肢水肿及中心静脉置管的人数明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),凝血指标显示DVT组D二聚体值(1718±140) mg/L显著高于对照组(923±76) mg/L(P＜0.05),炎性指标显示DVT组的C反应蛋白值(87.75 ± 6.78) mg/L显著高于对照组(56.29±4.43) mg/L(P＜0.05),对照组血红蛋白值(117±26)g/L显著高于DVT组(105±22) g/L (P＜0.05),且对照组的抗凝治疗率明显高于DVT组(P＜0.05).回归分析显示下肢水肿、中心静脉置管、D二聚体值与血栓发生显著相关(P＜0.05).DVT组Caprini评分均值(8.92±2.72)显著高于对照组(7.16±2.15) (P＜0.05).极高危组和高危组对比,随着评分等级的增加患者发生VTE的风险明显增加,评分≥9分的极高危患者发生VTE的风险是高危组的3.313倍(P＜0.05).结论 老年重症肺炎患者下肢水肿、中心静脉置管及D二聚体值与血栓发生显著相关.Caprini风险分级能够有效的预测重症肺炎患者血栓发生的风险,值得临床推广.     

达比加群酯与低分子肝素预防髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的作用比较

目的 比较达比加群酯与低分子肝素预防髋关节置换术后并发下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的疗效与安全性的差异。方法 选择2014年1月至2015年10月在宣城中心医院住院的单髋或双髋关节置换术患者73例,随机分为基础治疗组（对照组）24例,达比加群酯组（DE组）25例,低分子肝素组（LMWH组）24例。置换后行双下肢彩色多普勒检查评估DVT形成情况,并观察比较各组患者治疗前后血小板计数,凝血酶元时间（PT）变化情况及安全性。结果 DE组和LMWH预防DVT效果优于对照组（P<0.05）,而DE组和LMWH组患者在预防DVT发生上差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。DE组和LMWH组在治疗期间均无严重出血。结论 达比加群酯与低分子肝素均具有较好的预防髋关节置换后DVT的发生,达比加群酯疗效及安全性与低分子肝素作用相当。     

血浆D-二聚体与纤维蛋白原检测结合超声检查对盆腔手术后下肢深静脉血栓的早期评价价值

目的 研究血浆D-二聚体（D-dimer）与纤维蛋白原（FIB）的动态变化对早期预测盆腔手术后下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的意义,探讨彩色多普勒超声检查对患者DVT的早期诊断价值。方法 选取2014年1月至2016年1月在首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院妇科择期行盆腔手术并具有DVT高危因素的231例患者为研究对象,术前所有患者下肢深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查均为阴性。根据患者术后72~120 h下肢彩色多普勒超声检查结果,将患者分为血栓组（n=36）和非血栓组（n=195）。所有患者于手术前、术后第1天和术后第3天晨检测D-dimer和FIB,并进行统计分析。结果 血栓组与非血栓组比较,术后D-dimer和FIB显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,与术前比较,两组患者术后D-dimer和FIB显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 血浆D-dimer、FIB检测结合彩色多普勒超声检查对妇科盆腔术后患者并发下肢DVT的早期诊断具有重要价值。     

颈内静脉原位导丝法换置中心静脉长期血液透析导管的临床应用

目的探讨经颈内静脉原位导丝法换置中心静脉长期血液透析导管在维持性血液透析(MHD)患者中的应用价值。方法选取近3年在颈内静脉留置的中心静脉长期血液透析导管因功能障碍后,并经颈内静脉原位导丝法换置长期导管,术后及每次透析后均改用尿激酶封管患者16例(原位换置组);选取同期首次经颈内静脉留置中心静脉长期血液透析导管,普通肝素封管患者20例作为对照组;分析两组患者围术期泵控血流量及随访期的反应及开存期率、次开存期率。结果围术期泵控血流量原位换置组高于对照组,有统计学差异(P<0.05);两组比较感染例次/1000导管日0.9%与1.0%,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。原位换置组围术期未发生中重度并发症,12个月开存期率81.2%、次开存期率93.8%;对照组开存期率为65%、次开存期率85%;两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论颈内静脉原位导丝法换置中心静脉长期血液透析导管,在MHD患者中的使用是安全的、可行的。     

The anatomy of the cardiac veins in mice

Although the cardiac coronary system in mice has been the studied in detail by many research laboratories, knowledge of the cardiac veins remains poor. This is because of the difficulty in marking the venous system with a technique that would allow visualization of these large vessels with thin walls. Here we present the visualization of the coronary venous system by perfusion of latex dye through the right caudal vein. Latex injected intravenously does not penetrate into the capillary system. Murine cardiac veins consist of several principal branches (with large diameters), the distal parts of which are located in the subepicardium. We have described the major branches of the left atrial veins, the vein of the left ventricle, the caudal veins, the vein of the right ventricle and the conal veins forming the conal venous circle or the prepulmonary conal venous arch running around the conus of the right ventricle. The venous system of the heart drains the blood to the coronary sinus (the left cranial caval vein) to the right atrium or to the right cranial caval vein. Systemic veins such as the left cranial caval, the right cranial caval and the caudal vein open to the right atrium. Knowledge of cardiac vein location may help to elucidate abnormal vein patterns in certain genetic malformations.     

Relationship between free-radical lipid oxidation and efficiency of coronary angioplasty in coronary patients

Low-dose (250 mg daily) oral probucol produces a significant antioxidant effect in coronary patients: increases activity of glutathione peroxidase (enzyme utilizing lipoperoxides) and reduces the content of free-radical oxidation products in the blood. Probucol therapy for 7 days before and for 6 months after coronary angioplasty significantly reduces the severity of coronary artery stenosis. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 144, No. 11, pp. 503–506, November, 2007     

Extended thromboprophylaxis in the acutely ill medical patient after hospitalization – a paradigm shift in post-discharge thromboprophylaxis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant healthcare burden with approximately 900,000 events annually in the United States, over half of which are healthcare-associated. This number is anticipated to double by 2050. Group prophylaxis strategies confined to the inpatient setting appear to have minimal impact on the reduction of post-discharge VTE in medically ill patients due to shortened lengths of stay and a heterogenous population that includes patients at low risk for VTE. In accordance with current guideline recommendations, very few (<5%) medically ill patients are discharged with extended prophylaxis, which potentially creates a clinical gap for at-risk patients as VTE risk has been shown to persist for up to 90 days. Initial studies of extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with enoxaparin, rivaroxaban and apixaban showed little to no benefit towards VTE reduction that was consistently outweighed by increased bleeding. The more recent APEX study that compared betrixaban to enoxaparin in an enriched patient population at high-risk for VTE was the first study of extended thromboprophylaxis that showed similar efficacy in VTE prevention without an increase in major bleeding. Based on the APEX results, betrixaban recently gained FDA approval for extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. Recognition that up to half of medically ill patients are not at sufficient risk to warrant thromboprophylaxis has driven extensive research towards development of scientifically derived and validated VTE risk assessment models intended to identify patients who do not warrant prophylaxis, as well as those at high risk who may derive benefit from extended thromboprophylaxis. This article will review prior and ongoing extended thromboprophylaxis studies, VTE and bleed risk assessment models, incorporation of biomarkers in VTE risk assessment and key issues in the paradigm shift towards individualized VTE prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients.     

hs-CRP联合D-二聚体对急性心梗PCI术后亚急性支架内 血栓形成的预测价值

摘要：目的 探究超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）和D二聚体（D-dimer）联合预测急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠状 动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后发生亚急性支架内血栓形成（SST）的价值。方法 分析自2012年1月—2018年1月收治的 因AMI接受PCI治疗的9 261例患者,其中术后发生SST的72例（0.78%）患者为SST组,根据年龄、性别比例在术后未 发生SST的患者中抽取210例作为对照组。对比2组患者冠心病危险因素（性别、年龄、体质量指数等）、临床资料［收 缩压、舒张压、磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）等］、冠脉造影结果情况（病变血管、支架贴壁不良等）。 将上述资料统计学分析时P < 0.1的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。将hs-CRP和D-dimer进行ROC曲线分析, 评估两者联合对SST的预测价值。结果 SST组患者术后D-dimer、hs-CRP和Glu水平、支架贴壁不良例数、支架置 入数目均高于对照组,左室射血分数（LVEF）低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显 示 D-dimer 升高、hs-CRP 升高、血糖升高、支架贴壁不良是 SST 的独立危险因素,LVEF＞0.50 是 SST 的保护因素。 hs-CRP和D-dimer的联合指标hs-CRP-D-dimer在ROC曲线下面积为0.875,对SST的最佳cutoff值为14.28,其敏感 度为 77.8%,特异度为 80.5%。结论 D-dimer、hs-CRP 和血糖升高、支架贴壁不良是影响 SST 的独立危险因素, LVEF>0.50是SST的保护性因素。hs-CRP和D-dimer联合是预测AMI患者PCI术后发生SST的理想指标,值得临床 推广应用。     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1启动子基因多态性与静脉血栓栓塞症的相关性研究

目的：探讨中国汉族人群纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂PAI-1启动子4G/5G基因多态性与静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）发病的相关性。方法：采用病例-对照研究,收集南京鼓楼医院2016年1月～2018年3月VTE患者160例及正常人群160例,应用聚合酶链反应测定PAI-1启动子区域的4G/5G的多态性。结果：PAI-1基因4G/5G三种基因型4G/4G型、4G/5G型、5G/5G型在VTE组的分布频率为42.50%、35.00%、22.50%,对照组分布频率为17.50%、43.12%、39.38%,VTE组与对照组4G/4G基因型分布差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;通过非条件Logistic回归模型校正后,PAI-1 4G/4G基因型（OR=3.398,95% CI=2.025～5.702,P=0.000）、吸烟（OR=1.447,95% CI=1.022～2.049,P=0.037）是VTE的独立危险因素。结论：VTE组PAI-1 4G/4G基因型频率较正常人群高,证实了4G/4G基因型与静脉血栓栓塞发病有相关性,且为独立危险因素。     

抗凝与促凝药物交替应用治疗血栓合并出血患者1例分析

摘 要1例72岁女性患者,因“ 慢性咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难10年,加重伴间断发热1个月”入院,诊断为慢性支气管炎急性发作,慢性肺源性心脏病,心功能Ⅳ级,双下肢静脉血栓,血小板减少。患者在治疗中需要权衡抗凝药物与促凝药物的应用,在制定方案时利用房颤出血评分系统结合患者临床实际进行出血风险的评估,同时考虑药物之间的相互作用可能对患者产生的危害和用缜密的临床思维来评估患者的预后,减少了患者用药风险。