小儿支原体肺炎42例临床分析

目的：探讨小儿支原体肺炎的临床特点、治疗方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析笔者所在医院2011年12月-2012年10月收治的42例支原体肺炎患儿的临床资料,该组患儿均经过病原菌、血清MP-IgM检测、影像学检查确诊,总结该组患儿的临床特点。其中21例患儿在常规治疗的基础上采用纸片扩散法检测肺炎支原体对常用抗生素的耐药性,选用敏感抗生素治疗,为治疗组。采用常规治疗的为对照组。比较两组患儿的临床疗效。结果：该组患者常见的临床表现为咳嗽和发热,c反应蛋白显著增高,提示肺炎支原体感染同时可合并病毒或细菌感染。治疗组的总有效率显著高于对照组（P〈O．05）。治疗组的咳嗽消失、持续发热、气喘消失的时间及住院时间均显著短于对照组（P〈O．05）。对于两组中难治性肺炎的患儿采用支气管肺泡灌洗能取得较好的效果。结论：支原体肺炎患儿常合并有细菌感染,婴幼儿以肺部表现为主,儿童期肺部体征不明显,应根据药敏试验选用敏感抗生素,提高疗效。     

Evaluation of panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP) in pneumonia in elderly patients

 The present multicenter study evaluated the clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP) for treating pneumonia in elderly patients. Forty-three episodes of pneumonia in 43 patients were treated with PAPM/BP as the sole antibiotic agent. All patients were 65 years of age or older, and were given PAPM/BP at a total daily dosage range of 0.5–2.0 g. The clinical efficacy rate, expressed as a percentage of the total number of excellent and good responses, was 56.4%. Of the 43 patients, 13 were evaluated bacteriologically. In these 13 patients, the eradication rate, expressed as a percentage of the total number of “eradicated” and “replaced” efficacies, was 30.8%. Adverse effects and abnormal laboratory findings occurred in 2 patients, which was 4.6% of the total number of patients evaluated. No serious adverse effects were observed. We concluded that PAPM/BP was well tolerated overall, and was effective and safe for most of the elderly patients. Received: July 16, 2001 / Accepted: December 27, 2001     

急性缺血性卒中患者住院期间患肺炎与近期及远期死亡风险研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者住院期间患肺炎与其近期及远期预后的关系.方法 收集2007年9月至2008年8月中国多省市132家研究中心所有＞18岁急性脑梗死入组患者有关肺炎、出院结局、发病后3、6和12个月结局,其他相关信息由纸质登记表获得.采用多元logistic回归分析住院期间肺炎与急性脑梗死患者预后的关系.结果 11 560例急性脑梗死患者中1373例(11.88％)患者发生住院期间肺炎,急性脑梗死患者发病后12个月总病死率为14.4％(1664例),罹患肺炎患者病死率高于未患肺炎患者;住院期间肺炎是患者住院期间(OR 5.916,95％ CI4.470～7.831)、发病后3个月(OR3.641,95％ CI 3.035 ～4.367)、6个月(OR 3.445,95％CI 2.905～4.086)和12个月(OR 3.543,95％ CI3.016 ～4.161)死亡的独立危险因素.结论 住院期间肺炎增加急性脑梗死患者近期及远期死亡的风险.     

Pericardite purulenta: um diagnóstico raro

The authors present two cases of purulent pericarditis secondary to pneumococcus pneumonia, a rare entity in the antibiotic era, one of them in an apparently healthy person. A systematized diagnostic approach to moderate pericardial effusion is presented, together with a review of purulent pericarditis. The presence of pericardial effusion with persistent fever with or without known etiology, particularly in the immunocompromised but also in the apparently healthy patient, should always raise the possibility of purulent pericarditis.     

新生儿肺炎病原学检测及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）新生儿肺炎的主要病原菌及其药敏情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析东莞市大朗医院2009年9月～2012年5月NICU207例新生儿肺炎患儿痰液标本分离出的病原菌及药敏情况。结果207份痰液标本中134份培养阳性,阳性率为64．73％,革兰阴性菌83株,占61．94％,革兰阳性菌47株,占35．07％,真菌4株,占2．98％。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和肠杆菌为主,耐药性高,较敏感的抗生素为哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、阿莫西林／棒酸、头孢西丁,未见对亚胺培南、美罗培南、丁胺卡那霉素耐药的菌株。革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主,金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素的耐药率达到100％,对夫西地酸、万古霉素、诺氟沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、利福平和复方磺胺甲恶唑敏感。结论新生儿肺炎以革兰阴性菌为主,应加强病原菌及药敏监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

肺炎支原体与小儿反复呼吸道感染的关系

目的探讨肺炎支原体（MP）与儿童反复呼吸道感染的关系及其临床重要性。方法对166例反复呼吸道感染患儿用PCR方法检测咽拭子MP DNA,然后对阳性患儿以PA法检测血清中的MP IgM。对确诊为MP感染的72例患儿的临床特点进行总结和分析。结果166例患儿MP DNA阳性率57.2%（95/166）,MP IgM阳性率43.4%（72/166）,其中上呼吸道感染16例、支气管炎33例、肺炎23例,发病年龄以儿童为主,3-12岁占66.7%（48/72）,54.2%（39/72）的阳性患儿发热。结论小儿反复呼吸道感染应考虑MP感染的可能,应尽早检测MP DNA、MP IgM。     

大剂量氨溴索对胸腹肿瘤术后患者肺炎临床疗效观察

目的：研究大剂量氨溴索对胸腹部恶性肿瘤术后患者肺炎的临床疗效。方法：随机抽取胸腹部恶性肿瘤术后肺炎患者60例,随机分为对照组（n=30）和治疗组（n=30）。对照组静脉注射氨溴索30mg／次,3次／d;治疗组静脉持续注射氨溴索900mg／d（37．5mg／h）,两组均连续用药5d。比较用药前后两组患者氧合指数和临床肺感染评分（CPIS）变化。统计抗生素费用、ICU时间、ICU费用差异。结果：与对照组相比,用药后大剂量组氧合指数和CPIS评分改善更为明显,ICU时间缩短,抗生素费用、ICU费用明显减少。结论：大剂量氨溴索有助于控制胸腹部恶性肿瘤术后肺炎,改善肺功能,缩短临床治疗时间。减少治疗费用。     

成人社区获得性肺炎患者早期治疗失败的危险因素分析

目的分析影响成人社区获得性肺炎早期治疗失败的危险因素。方法收集2002年1月至2008年1月我院收治的549例成人社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料,其中早期治疗失败者68例,非失败者481例。回顾性比较患者入院时临床参数、治疗及预后方面数据的差异。采用单因素及多因素分析模型,确定早期治疗失败的危险因素。结果549例患者中,年龄〉65岁者341例,院内病死率10．2％（56例）,68例（12．4％）发生早期治疗失败。单因素分析中具有统计学差异的变量是吸人性肺炎、合并神经系统疾病、多肺叶或双肺病变、低血压[收缩压〈90mmHg（12．0kPa）]和不恰当用药。多因素分析模型显示,吸入性肺炎、多肺叶或双肺病变和不恰当用药是早期治疗失败的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论对存在危险因素的患者,要予以重视,并早期预防或纠正,从而改善社区获得性肺炎患者的预后。     

Toward a quantitative DNA-based definition of pneumococcal pneumonia: a comparison of Streptococcus pneumoniae target genes, with special reference to the Spn9802 fragment

The current shift from phenotypically toward genotypically based microbial diagnosis is not unproblematic. A novel quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on the Spn9802 DNA fragment was therefore developed for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Out of 44 bacterial species, only S. pneumoniae and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae were positive in Spn9802 PCR. In an evaluation on nasopharyngeal aspirates from 166 patients with community-acquired pneumonia, the assay was positive in 49 of 50 culture-positive cases. Of 19 culture-negative but Spn9802 PCR-positive cases, 12 were confirmed as S. pneumoniae by rnpB sequence analysis. With an expanded reference standard, including culture and rnpB sequencing, Spn9802 had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 98%. A cutoff for clinically significant positivity was 10(4) DNA copies/mL, giving 71% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In conclusion, Spn9802 real-time PCR is highly sensitive and specific. The quantification it provides enables differentiation between pneumococcal pathogenicity and commensalism.