Ultrasonic signs of pneumothorax: Preliminary work

Ultrasonography is considered to have limited application in respiratory diseases because air reflects sound waves. Twenty-four patients with radiologically confirmed pneumothorax and 100 healthy subjects underwent sonography. In all normal subjects, the hyperechoic pulmonary interface showed respiratory motions termed the “gliding sign” with some comet-tail artifacts. Sonographic signs were shown in all pneumothoraces: disappearance of the gliding sign and no comet tails. The extent of collapse cannot be evaluated, but it is possible to determine its area in partial pneumothorax (N = 5). The follow-up (N = 8) showed the reappearance of the gliding sign. Ultrasonography may be helpful in diagnosing pneumothorax in certain cases. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

雷替曲塞联合顺铂化疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤的系统评价

目的系统评价雷替曲塞联合顺铂与其他化疗方案化疗比较,治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤的有效性和安全性。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、EMbase和中国生物医学文献光盘数据库,纳入雷替曲塞联合顺铂与其他化疗方案比较治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤的随机和半随机试验,检索时间截至2007年3月前。按Cochrane系统评价方法,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并提取有效数据进行分析。结果仅纳入1个包括250例患者的随机对照试验。雷替曲塞联合顺铂方案与单用顺铂比较能够提高恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者的中位生存期(11.4个月vs8.8个月,P=0.048),且发生3～4级不良反应率与单用顺铂化疗相当。结论目前证据表明,雷替曲塞联合顺铂方案能纳入1个随机对照试验,共250例。提高肿瘤功能状态较好的恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者的生存时间,且不良反应发生率低,但仍需更多临床试验证实其疗效。     

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

As the pathophysiology of CPR is understood, ways to alter cerebral blood flow and neurologic outcome following CPR are likely to develop. This review highlights those areas likely to be of clinical importance in the near future.     

胸膜转移癌胸膜全肺切除术的临床分析

目的：对肺癌合并胸膜转移的患者采用胸膜全肺切除手术,以期待提高患者的生存质量,延长患者的生存期。方法：对16例肺癌合并胸膜转移的患者采用胸膜全肺切除手术,术后辅以化疗为主的综合治疗。结果：患者的生存期有所延长,生存质量得到了提高。结论：对肺癌合并胸膜转移的患者采用胸膜全肺切除手术,对于患者生存质量的提高以及生存期的延长有一定的临床意义。     

Fibrinolytic characteristics and their significance in malignant, tuberculous and cirrhotic pleural and ascitic fluids

The fibrinolytic characteristics and clinical pathological significance of pleural and ascitic fluid were studied in patients with malignant tumour, tuberculosis or liver cirrhosis. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plaminogen activator receptor (uPAR) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), plasminogen (Plg), plasmin (Pl) and alpha(2) plasmin inhibitor (alpha(2)PI) by colorimetric assay. uPA and uPAR levels were higher in malignant tumour and tuberculosis compared with liver cirrhosis, whereas tPA levels were significantly higher in liver cirrhosis and malignant tumour than in tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis patients showed statistically higher PAI-1, Plg and Pl concentrations than malignant tumour patients, which, in turn, were higher than those in liver cirrhosis patients. alpha(2)PI levels were markedly higher in malignant tumour and liver cirrhosis than in tuberculosis. In the malignant tumour group, only uPA level was significantly different between the samples that contained cancer cells and those that did not. We found significant differences between the fibrinolytic characteristics in pleural and ascitic fluid in patients with malignant tumour, tuberculosis and liver cirrhosis. The analysis of several fibrinolytic parameters could help to determine the quality of pleural and ascitic fluid, and also to further understand the pathological processes of these diseases.     

肝切除术并发胸腔积液的影响因素分析及诊治体会

目的：探讨肝切除术后并发胸腔积液的影响因素及防治方法。方法：回顾分析123例肝切除术后并发胸腔积液35例患者的临床资料。35例胸腔积液患者均予以保肝、营养支持及利尿治疗;对其中10例中等量以上积液者同时采用B超定位下胸腔穿刺引流治疗,3例合并膈下积液者行膈下积液穿刺引流并加强抗感染治疗,3例合并肺部感染者依据药敏加强抗感染及排痰治疗。结果：本组肝切除术后胸腔积液发生率为28．5％（35／123）;其发生与患者术前肝功能、肝切除量、术中肝门阻断时间及术后腹水量有关（P〈0．05）,与患者的性别、年龄无关（P〉0．05）。35例中,治愈34例;另1例治疗过程中出现肝衰,并发多脏器功能衰竭死亡。结论：胸腔积液是肝切除术后的常见并发症。严格掌握肝切除术适应证、控制肝切除范围,加强术前术后保肝治疗,根据积液量和合并症情况选择合适的治疗方案,对于胸腔积液的预防和治疗具有十分重要的意义。     

Dexamethasone decreases the transmesothelial electrical resistance of the parietal and visceral pleura

The effect of dexamethasone on the transmesothelial electrical resistance (R _TM) of sheep pleura was investigated by Ussing chamber experiments. Our results show that dexamethasone decreases the R _TM of sheep pleurae, in part by stimulation of glucocorticoid receptors. This finding may be of importance in regard to the faster resolution of corticosteroid-treated pleural effusions.     

超声与X线胸片在气胸诊断中的比较

目的探讨超声诊断气胸的可行性。方法对223例临床待排气胸患者行同期（3 h）双盲CT、超声和X线片检查,以CT结果为准,对超声、X线结果行前瞻性比较。结果在CT提示59例（61侧）气胸中,超声提示56例（58侧）,漏诊率4.9%,X线片提示46例（47侧）,漏诊率23%;超声、X线片对气胸的敏感性、阴性预测值、准确性分别为95.1%和77.1%、99.2%和96.5%、99.3和96.9%（P〈0.05）;两者的特异性、阳性预测值均为100%。结论超声在气胸中可弥补目前影像学检查的不足。     

浅静脉留置针在胸腔积液治疗中的应用

目的探讨浅静脉留置针在胸腔积液患者中的临床治疗价值。方法对胸腔积液患者先进行评估,对于体型较瘦、背部皮下脂肪较少、背部肌肉较少的患者采取浅静脉留置针做胸穿抽液,术后观察。结果68例经此方法治疗的胸腔积液患者,在B超定位后,均一次穿刺成功,顺利完成抽液,最多抽4次的患者3例,不需要做闭式引流。结论浅静脉留置针在胸腔积液患者行胸腔穿刺抽液,具有无创、患者痛苦少、治疗效果好的特．点,适用于背部皮下脂肪、肌肉较少的患者,尤其是老年患者合并心力衰竭胸腔积液时,可在床边很轻松地完成操作。