我国托幼机构中儿童和工作人员体检现状分析

目的了解不同地区、不同类型托幼机构中儿童和工作人员体检现状,为托幼机构卫生保健管理工作提供依据.方法用信函调查方法,对31个省、自治区、直辖市的8 966所托幼机构进行调查.结果开展儿童入园体检、回园体检以及儿童定期体检、工作人员定期体检的托幼机构分别占67.0%,61.8%,83.6%和82.6%,且均表现为省市级＞县级＞乡级＞村级.不同类别幼儿园中,体检率最低的是乡镇办幼儿园,其次是私人办幼儿园.不同地区中,西南地区的体检率最低.结论目前我国托幼机构儿童和工作人员的体检率与<托儿所、幼儿园卫生保健管理办法>的要求存在差距.尤其要重视农村、西南地区、乡镇办园和私人办园的健康体检的制定与执行.     

北京市小学生与肥胖相关知识、态度、行为的现况调查

目的　了解北京市小学生的营养状况及其膳食与运动相关知识、态度、行为的现状。方法　采用整群抽样法抽取北京市 4所小学三、四年级全体学生 ,进行问卷调查。结果　北京市小学生瘦长型营养不良率1 3 0 3 % ,肥胖型营养不良率 3 2 0 4%。膳食与运动相关知识掌握较好的学生占 0 73 % ,正确态度持有率 5 6 75 % ,良好行为形成率 1 1 2 7%。知信行均为女生好于男生。知信行间存在一定的关联。结论　健康教育可传授正确的膳食与运动知识给学生 ,转变他们的错误态度 ,从而改变他们的不良行为习惯 ,以促进学生营养状况的改善。     

10%盐水冰袋的研制及临床应用

目的　探讨有效实用的临床物理降温方法。方法　选内、外科发热病人及五官科术后病人 10 0例随机分为对照组和观察组各 5 0例 ,对照组采用传统的冰块冰袋 ,观察组用自行研制的 10 %盐水冰袋 (冰霜状 )进行物理降温。结果　 10 %盐水冰袋低温持续时间长 ,冰袋松软 ,接触体表充分 ,易于固定 ,病人自觉舒适 ,降温、止血、止痛效果明显优于传统的清水冰袋 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　 10 %盐水冰袋制作简单、操作方便 ,在临床、社区、家庭护理中可广泛推广使用。     

血清乙型肝炎病毒前S1抗原检测在预防性健康体检中的应用

[目的]探讨血清前Sl抗原检测在预防性健康体检中的应用价值。[方法]用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测233例健康体检者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)及正常人血清中HBV前S1抗原(Pre-S1),并将其结果与荧光定量HBVDNA、HBVM及ALT的检测结果进行比较。[结果]在各组HBV感染者中均检出Pre-S1,检出率为20%~75%。HBeAg阳性组中检出率和相对滴度显著高于HBeAg阴性组(P<0.001);Pre-Sl和HBVDNA检测结果符合率达81.12%,Pre-Sl的相对滴度与HBVDNA含量之间呈正相关(r=0.9293,P<0.001);HBeAg阴性组ALT异常血清的Pre-Sl阳性率高于ALT正常血清(P<0.05),同是ALT异常,则HBeAg阳性血清的Per-SI阳性率高于HBeAg阴性血清(P<0.05)。[结论]血清前Sl抗原与HBV活动性复制、肝细胞损伤关系密切,可作为健康体检乙型肝炎传染性筛选的重要补充。     

2004年天津市农村14岁及以下居民健康体检结果分析

目的2004年对天津市14岁及以下年龄组农村居民进行身体健康检查，及时了解农村少年儿童的健康状况及影响因素，为改善农村居民健康提供科学依据。方法对天津市559103名14岁及以下农村人口进行身体健康检查，内容包括身高、体重等基本体征，内、外、五官科各项体征及3岁以下儿童的佝偻病、男童外生殖器、女童月经初潮年龄、7岁以下儿童的血红蛋白和血浆维生素A水平等项目进行健康检查。结果14岁及以下人群中，皮肤、耳、听力、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、躯干四肢、精神发育正常、无内分泌及代谢性疾病、无染色体疾病的儿童在99．0％以上，0-6岁儿童的肥胖率为12．76％，7-14岁儿童的肥胖率为9．30％，5岁以下儿童生长迟缓率为12．79％，低体重率为5．17％，消瘦率为3．16％，3岁以下儿童佝偻病检出率为5．74％，7岁及以下儿童的贫血率为12．42％，维生素A缺乏率为2．23％。结论14岁及以下少年儿童的身体健康状况基本良好，存在的营养缺乏和超重肥胖问题应引起关注。     

Understanding Atypical Emotions Among Children with Autism

Children with autism are said to be poor mind readers: They have a limited understanding of the role that mental states play in determining emotions and behavior. In this research, 23 high-functioning children from the autistic spectrum (M age 9 years 3 months), 42 6-year-old controls, and 43 10-year-old controls were presented with six emotion-evoking stories and they were asked to explain protagonists' typical and atypical emotions. In the case of typical emotions, as expected on the basis of the mindblind hypothesis, children from the autistic spectrum gave few mental state explanations, referring to fewer than even the 6-year-old control group. However, in the case of atypical emotions, the autistic group performed as well as the 10-year-old controls. Their explanations for the atypical emotions demonstrate that children from the autistic spectrum indeed have the capacity to mind read (with respect to both desires and beliefs), although they do not always use this capacity in the same way as normally developing children. It is argued that the mind-reading capacity of high-functioning children from the autistic spectrum might be basically intact; unused in everyday circumstances but not necessarily defective.     

2003年济南市城区部分健康体检人群患病情况分析

[目的]了解城市居民患病特点，为有关部门制定健康干预政策提供数据支持。[方法]对2003年下半年到山东省立医院进行体检的济南市城区11161名居民患病情况进行分析。[结果]全部体检者异常率为86．87％。异常率男性为90．09％，女性为80．45％（P〈0．01）；随着年龄的增长，体检异常率呈增加趋势（P〈0．01）。罹患率居前3位的疾病31岁以下男女共患疾病是脂肪肝、单纯性肥胖与慢性胃炎，31～40岁为脂肪肝、慢性胃炎、单纯性肥胖；41～50岁男性脂肪肝、前列腺肥大罹患率均超过40％，女性子宫肌瘤、乳腺增生与慢性子宫颈炎罹患率均超过19％；51～60岁男性前列腺炎、脂肪肝罹患率分别高达62．46％、41．93％，女性脂肪肝与子宫肌瘤罹患率居前2位；61岁以上男性前列腺肥大罹患率高达84．25％，女性脂肪肝与高血压罹患率居前2位。[结论]不同年龄、不同性别居民疾病与异常的罹患率不同，危害健康的主要疾病不同，应有针对性地进行健康干预。     

The quality of communication between parents and adolescent children in the case of parental cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate: (i) parent-adolescent communication in families of cancer patients; (ii) relationships between parent-adolescent communication and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in adolescent children; and (iii) associations between parents' illness characteristics and parent-adolescent communication. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 212 adolescents completed the Impact of Event Scale and Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale. RESULTS: Adolescents communicated less openly with mothers with cancer than controls with mothers; this was the only significant difference with the reference group. Daughters communicated more openly with ill parents than with healthy parents. More open communication with healthy parents was related to fewer PTSS in daughters. More problem communication with both parents was related to more PTSS in both sons and daughters. Sons reported more problems in communication with ill parents in case of more intensive treatment or recurrent disease. Daughters experienced less open communication with both parents when ill parents received more intensive treatment. Time since diagnosis was not related to parent-adolescent communication. Multivariate analyses showed that communication patterns specifically affected PTSS of daughters. Problem communication with the healthy parent was the strongest predictor of intrusion while problem communication with the ill parents was the strongest predictor of avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: Parent-adolescent communication in families of cancer patients differs little from that in families not confronted with parental cancer. Problem communication outweighed lack of openness with respect to development of PTSS. Recurrent disease and intensive treatment regimens affected parent-adolescent communication negatively.     

Opiate physical dependence and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

The present review focused the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in morphine physical dependence. The increased levels of extracellular glutamate, NMDA receptor ζ subunit (NR1) mRNA, NMDA receptor 1 subunit (NR2A) protein, phosphorylated Ca²⁺/calmodulin kinase II (p-CaMKII) protein, c-fos mRNA, c-Fos protein, are observed in the specific brain areas of mice and/or rats showing signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In preclinical and clinical studies, a variety of NMDA receptor antagonists and pretreatment with an antisense oligonucleotide of the NR1 have been reported to inhibit the development, expression and/or maintenance of opiate physical dependence. In contrast to data obtained in adult animals, NMDA receptor antagonists are neither effective in blocking the development of opiate dependence nor the expression of opiate withdrawal in neonatal rats. In the NMDA receptor-deficient mice, the NR2A knockout mice show the marked loss of typical withdrawal abstinence behaviors precipitated by naloxone. The rescue of NR2A protein by electroporation into the nucleus accumbens of NR2A knockout mice reverses the loss of abstinence behaviors. The activation of CaMKII and increased expression of c-Fos protein in the brain of animals with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome are prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists, whereas the increased levels of extracellular glutamate are not prevented by them. These findings indicate that glutamatergic neurotransmission at the NMDA receptor site contributes to the development, expression and maintenance of opiate dependence, and suggest that NMDA receptor antagonists may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of opiate dependence.