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31.
Evaluating the mutagenic potential of chemicals the minimal battery and extrapolation problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
F. H. Sobels 《Archives of toxicology》1980,46(1-2):21-30
During the past ten years growing concern about damage to DNA as an important cause of human ill-health has resulted in an explosive development of the field of genetic toxicology. Adequate regulations to restrict exposure to chemical mutagens require recognition and evaluation of mutagenic activity. For this purpose a qualitative and an extrapolation phase can be distinguished. For the qualitative phase, the minimal battery should consist of at least three tests, that is: (1) tests for gene- or point mutations in bacteria (Salmonella or E. coli) with and without metabolic activation; (2) two tests for point mutations in eukaryotes, or (3) one such test and a test for the detection of chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells in vitro. Depending on experience and facilities, a choice of two can be made out of the following four test systems: (1) Tests for point mutations in mammalian cells in vitro, with and without metabolic activation (deficiency for HGPRT, or TK); (2) the sex-linked recessive lethal test with Drosophila melanogaster; (3) tests with yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for point mutations, with and without metabolic activation; (4) tests for chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells in vitro, with and without metabolic activation. Two different metabolic activation systems should be employed. For further selection of more sensitive test systems, studies on comparative mutagenesis are considered important. A mammalian test for chromosome aberrations in vivo is not included in this minimal battery. Since under in vivo conditions considerably lower concentrations have to be employed than in vitro, it seems unlikely that positive results will be obtained with an in vivo mammalian cytogenetic assay, following negative results in an in vitro cytogenetic assay or in two different tests for point mutations. The finding that the effective concentration for the production of chromosome breakage events differs from that required to induce point mutations (the two-level effect) will be briefly discussed. When mutagenic compounds are indispensible or, in the case of ubiquitous exposure, a quantification of risks becomes necessary and here one is confronted with many difficulties. Information on damage that is hard to measure directly can be obtained in an indirect way by comparison with end-points that can be determined experimentally, such as alkylation per nucleotide.
Names of chemical substances tested: hydroxylamine; diepoxybutane; N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea; methylmethanesulfonate (MMS); DEN; Mitomycin C; Procarbazine; atrazine; benz(a)pyrene; EMS; pyrolitic products; flavonoids; mycotoxins; nitrosamines; TEMGiven at the International Conference Mutagenicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals: Present Status, Paris, 12–14 March, 1980, sponsored by the Fondation de l'Industrie Pharmaceutique pour la Recherche 相似文献
32.
Many drugs differing widely in chemical structure uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vitro. This observation has led to the hypothesis that in vivo uncoupling is the basis of their pharmacological activity. Serpasil, a parenteral preparation of reserpine, recently has been shown to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in vervet monkey kidney mitochondria. Although the drug exhibits some properties of a "classical" uncoupler, our studies show that it has a dual effect on energy conservation. Reserpine released respiratory control in rat liver mitochondria only when dissolved in organic solvents (as in Serpasil) or when deprotonated. Reserpine also released the oligomycin-induced respiratory control in beef heart submitochondrial particles, and inhibited energized uptake of Ca2- by rat liver mitochondria. Reserpine had a dual effect on mitochondrial ATPase: It (a) enhanced ATP hydrolysis by intact liver mitochondria, and (b) inhibited ATP hydrolysis by submitochondrial particles of beef heart. On a molar basis, reserpine was less effective than carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone in all bioenergetic reactions examined. Homogenates and mitochondria isolated from brain and liver of rats stuporous from intraperitoneally injections of Serpasil exhibited no detectable abnormalities in respiratory states and responded to known uncouplers in the expected manner. There was no evidence of in vivo uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation as a basis of the pharmacological activity of reserpine, although interference with energy transfer may be involved in toxic manifestations of the drug. The results indicate the need for caution in interpreting the action of drugs formulated in complex pharmaceutical preparations and based solely on in vitro experiments. 相似文献
33.
胃癌7号染色体长臂的杂合性缺失分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的:检测胃癌患者7号染色体长臂微卫星位点的杂合性缺失(loss of heterozygosity,LOH),以初步确定7号染色体长臂上与胃癌相关基因连锁最密切的微卫星多态位点及LOH的临床意义.方法:在70例原发性胃癌中应用多重PCR技术扩增覆盖整个7号染色体长臂的9个微卫星位点(平均遗传距离为10cm),聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离PCR产物,用GeneScan、Genotyper软件进行分析.结果:9个微卫星位点的LOH均可发生于原发性胃癌,总的LOH频率为34.3%(24/70),其中D7S486和D7S798位点的LOH频率较高,分别为24.0%(12/50)和19.2%(5/26);总的LOH频率随临床分期而显著增高(P=0.046),D7S486位点的LOH频率在淋巴结转移者显著高于无淋巴结转移者(P=0.015).结论:在7号染色体长臂D7S486和D7S798位点附近,可能存在与胃癌发展相关的抑癌基因. 相似文献
34.
目的:筛查海洛因依赖者在第19、20、21和22号染色体上的易感基因的位点.方法:对10例海洛因依赖者和其正常同胞对照者的第19、20、21和22号染色体进行以短串联重复序列(short tandem repeats,STR)为遗传标记的基因扫描分析.结果:D20S195和D22S423位点的等位基因在海洛因依赖组和其正常同胞对照组之间分布有显著性差异(P<0.05),其它STR位点的等位基因在海洛因依赖组和其正常同胞对照组之间分布没有显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:D20S195和D22S423位点附近可能存在海洛因依赖的易感基因. 相似文献
35.
用改良的直接法分析了20例大肠癌新鲜瘤组织及4例大肠癌细胞系的细胞遗传学改变,发现瘤细胞多为异倍体,染色体众数以亚二倍体居多;核型分析发现,其杂色体数目畸变为,13号染色体增多;17号、1号和Y染色体的丢失,结构畸变最常累及1号染色体,断裂声、1q21出现率较高,其次为1p13区的断裂及末端丢失。提示1号染色体结构异常可能为原发性大肠癌特征性染色体改变之一。 相似文献
36.
Somatic Mutations of the PTEN/MMAC1 Gene in Fifteen Japanese Endometrial Cancers: Evidence for Inactivation of Both Alleles 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
Keisuke Kurose Koichi Bando Koichi Fukino Yuichi Sugisaki Tsutomu Araki Mitsuru Emi 《Cancer science》1998,89(8):842-848
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 10q is observed in approximately 40% of endometrial cancers. Mutations in PTEN/MMAC1 , a gene recently isolated from the 10q23 region, are responsible for two dominantly inherited neoplastic syndromes, Cowden disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome. Somatic mutations of this gene have also been detected in sporadic cancers of the brain, prostate and breast. To investigate the potential role of this putative tumor suppressor gene in endometrial carcinogenesis as well, we examined 46 primary endometrial cancers for LOH at the 10q23 region, and for mutations in the entire coding region and exon-intron boundaries of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene. LOH was identified in half of the 38 informative cases, and subtle somatic mutations were detected in 15 tumors (33%). Our results suggest that of the genes studied so far in endometrial carcinomas, PTEN/MMAC1 is the most commonly mutated one, and that inactivation of both copies by allelic loss and/or mutation, a pattern that defines genes as "tumor suppressors,'contributes to tumorigenesis in endometrial cancers. 相似文献
37.
丹参对丝裂霉素C诱发小鼠生殖细胞遗传损伤的防护作用研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文根据动物实验模型的设计,研究了中药丹参对丝裂霉素C(MMC)诱发雄性小鼠过生殖细胞遗传损伤的防护效应。雄性昆明小鼠随机分成8组,每组15只,实验组分别注射高、中、低剂量丹参和MMC,观察动物的精子畸形率、早期精细胞微核率和精原细胞染色体畸变率。结果表明,中药本身无诱变损伤作用,而对MMC有拮抗抑制作用。提出中药丹参具有抗MMC诱发小鼠生殖细胞遗传损伤的作用。 相似文献
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散发性结直肠癌D10S1265位点的杂合缺失分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的:染色体上某特定位点遗传物质的丢失是肿瘤发生中的常见现象,抑癌基因的杂合缺失是结直肠癌形成中的关键步骤之一.本实验通过对83例散发性结直肠癌中D10S1265位点杂合缺失的研究,探讨其在结直肠癌演变中的作用.方法:荧光标记的多态性微卫星引物D10S1265与83例结直肠癌的肿瘤和正常组织进行PCR反应.PCR产物在ABI Prism 377自动荧光测序仪电泳3h,以GeneScan3.1和Genotyper 2.1软件进行扫描以及杂合缺失分析.其结果与临床病理因素进行卡方检验.结果:D10S1265位点(10q24.3)的杂合缺失率是50.0%,肝转移的7例未发现LOH,无肝转移病例达58.97%(23/39,P=0.014),但与淋巴结转移无关.另外,此位点的杂合缺失与Dukes'分期显著相关(P=0.013),与其他临床病理因素无关.结论:D10S1265位点附近可能存在与散发性结直肠癌有关的抑癌基因,此基因与结直肠癌的进展和肝转移相关. 相似文献