Career success of preschool teachers in Germany – the significance of the Big Five personality traits,locus of control,and occupational self-efficacy

The career success of preschool teachers has been discussed to be important because it can be a precondition for the ability to provide a high-quality preschool education. Consequently, the identification of factors that can help explain individual differences in career success is a crucial research issue. Previous research covering various occupations indicates that the Big Five, internal locus of control (LOC), and occupational self-efficacy are good predictors of objective and subjective career success. However, there is a research gap on this topic in preschool teachers. This study examined whether the Big Five, LOC, and occupational self-efficacy could predict the career success of 560 preschool teachers in Germany. After controlling for other predictors, internal LOC corresponded with higher objective career success, but neuroticism and conscientiousness corresponded with lower subjective career success. Occupational self-efficacy corresponded with higher subjective career success. The findings are discussed with respect to practical conclusions.     

Personality disorders and the persistence of anxiety disorders: Evidence of a time-of-measurement effect in NESARC

Recent studies using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) have found that some personality disorders (PDs) increase the persistence of several Axis I disorders. However, these effects are potentially confounded with the data collection wave in which PDs were assessed. Our aim was to extend published analyses to the case of anxiety disorders and to determine the robustness of the associations to analyses examining time-of-measurement effects. Persistence of anxiety disorders was defined either as follow-up diagnosis among participants diagnosed at baseline (“prediction”) or baseline diagnosis among participants diagnosed at follow-up (“post-diction”). Results revealed a robust pattern of higher odds ratios for post-diction among PDs assessed at baseline, and lower odds ratios for post-diction among PDs assessed at follow-up, suggesting a time of measurement artifact. Although only 4% of associations were robust to both predictive and post-dictive analyses, these were consistent with previous research.     

Metacognitive mastery moderates the relationship of alexithymia with cluster C personality disorder traits in adults with substance use disorders

Cluster C personality disorder traits have been observed in substance use disorders and linked with poorer outcome. One potential factor which may cause these disturbances in personality function is alexithymia, or the inability to name and express emotion. There may be other proximate factors which moderate the impact of alexithymia on the expression of cluster C traits, such as metacognitive mastery, which is the ability to use knowledge about mental states of self and others to cope with distress and solve social problems. To examine the possibility that mastery mediated the effects of alexithymia on cluster C traits, we assessed each of these constructs using the Metacognitive Assessment Scale Abbreviated, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and SCID II among 58 adults in an early phase of recovery from substance misuse disorders in a residential setting. Results of a multiple regression revealed that, after controlling for symptom severity and severity of substance misuse history, metacognitive mastery moderated the effect of alexithymia on number of cluster C traits. A median split and subsequent ANCOVA revealed that participants with higher levels of alexithymia and poorer metacognitive mastery had more cluster C traits than the other groups. These findings may have clinical implications, suggesting that patients with substance use disorders may benefit from treatment which addresses metacognitive mastery.     

Impulsivity,Sensation-Seeking,and Part-Time Job Status in Relation to Substance Use and Gambling in Adolescents

PurposeAlthough impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time employment have each been linked to risky behaviors in adolescents, their inter-relationships are less well-understood. We examined data from adolescents to assess the following predictions: (1) sensation-seeking would relate closely to substance use and gambling; (2) impulsivity would relate closely to alcohol, drug, and gambling problems; and (3) these relationships would be particularly strong among those holding part-time jobs.MethodHigh-school students (N = 3,106) were surveyed to provide data on impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time job status. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships with gambling, substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) and related problems.ResultsBoth impulsivity and sensation-seeking related significantly to substance use and impulsivity to gambling. Impulsivity had stronger associations with drug and gambling problems than sensation-seeking did. Students with paid part-time jobs were more likely to drink alcohol, binge drink, and use marijuana. Sensation-seeking had a particularly strong relationship to heavy cigarette smoking among students with part-time jobs. Conversely, there was little relationship between part-time job status and smoking among low sensation-seekers.ConclusionsThese findings further support the relevance of sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and part-time job status to risky behaviors among adolescents. Sensation-seeking and impulsivity had unique relationships to risky behaviors, in accordance with theory and prior evidence. Impulsive adolescents may be in particular need for interventions to reduce drug use and gambling. Although part-time jobs can be beneficial, parents and caregivers should be mindful of potential negative ramifications of paid work outside the home.     

福建口岸出入境人员心理健康状况与人格特征综合分析简

目的了解福建口岸出入境人员心理健康状况与人格特征。方法应用《出入境人员心理精神卫生测评系统》可操作性软件平台中的症状自评量表（SCL-90）和简化版艾森克个性问卷（EPQ-48）两量表对出入境人员进行测评。结果SCL-90量表9项因子得分结果显示：6项因子均分〉全国常模;除了人际关系因子外,其他因子与常模标准的差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;在EPQ-48量表中,精神质P和性格内外向E两项分值男、女间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;同时,交通员工和劳务人员性格内外向E分值低于常模,则性格偏内向;出入境人员SCL-90量表各因子分与EPQ-48量表中精神质P、神经质N呈显著正相关,与性格内外向E、掩饰性L呈显著的负相关。结论出入境人员心理健康状况不容乐观,要加强心理健康保健咨询,使出入境人员保持身心健康以适应国际旅行环境。     

工伤事故后工人焦虑水平与人格特征的相关研究

目的探讨工伤事故后,现场工人焦虑情绪的发生情况与其人格特征的相关性。方法采用卡氏16种人格因素量表（16PF）以及焦虑自评量表（SAS）对兰州某工厂目击某工伤事故现场的172名工人进行问卷调查。结果工伤事故后,现场男性及女性工人的焦虑水平均显著高于全国常模（P〈0.01）,且女性工人的焦虑水平高于男性工人（P〈0.01）;而且工人们的焦虑水平与16PF中的稳定性（C）和敢为性（H）呈负相关,与忧虑性（O）和紧张性（Q4）呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;人格中的稳定性（C）和忧虑性（O）对事故后现场目击工人的焦虑水平具有显著的预测作用（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论人格特征不同的工人在目击工伤事故现场后的焦虑反应不同,且人格特征对其焦虑水平具有预测作用,这对于工伤事故后危机干预的实施具有指导意义。     

维吾尔族可摘局部义齿修复患者人格特征及满意度相关性研究

目的:探讨维吾尔族可摘局部义齿(Removable partial denture,RPD)患者人格特征与满意度的相关性。方法:选择新疆医科大学第一附属医院口腔修复科就诊的129例维吾尔族患者为研究对象,就患者基本情况、艾森克人格类型及修复1个月后满意度进行调查分析并对其结果进行总结分析。结果:维吾尔族可摘局部义齿修复患者年龄、性别、文化、对RPD相关知识的了解度、牙齿缺损数量均与RPD修复满意度显著相关(P0.05);维吾尔族的N量表得分均与满意度中的咀嚼能力、稳固性、舒适性呈显著负相关,P量表得分均与满意度中的美观性、语言力呈负相关,E量表得分与总体满意度显著正相关。结论:维吾尔族可摘局部义齿修复患者的人格特征影响其对RPD治疗满意度的评价     

近视患者人格特质与近视矫正手术意向的关系研究

目的研究近视患者人格特质与近视矫正手术意向的关系,了解近视患者心理特征,有针对性地进行心理疏导和沟通,并为近视矫正手术提供心理学评估依据。方法采用横断面调查研究方法。162例成都中医药大学研究生近视患者(男女性别比为30∶132,年龄22~29岁,近视程度-1.00~-9.00D)完成了中国大五人格量表及包括近视情况、近视矫正手术意向在内的自行设计的量表。结果在得出了性别、专业、近视程度等因素与手术意向均无关联(P均>0.05)的结果后,根据手术意向将调查对象分为愿意组、不确定组和不愿意组。不愿意组的严谨性得分高于愿意组和不确定组(P均<0.05),愿意组的外向性得分高于不确定组和不愿意组(P均<0.05)。三组的神经质、宜人性、开放性得分均无差异(P均>0.05)。结论近视患者的严谨性、外向性人格特质与近视矫正手术意向存在相关性。此研究对于掌握近视患者心理特征和增进医患沟通具有重要意义。     

民办高校大学生人格特征与父母养育方式的关系研究

目的 探讨高职大学生人格特征与父母养育方式的关系,为高校开展心理健康教育工作提供科学依据.方法 用父母养育方式量表（EMBU）和艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）对273名大学生生进行问卷调查.结果 EPQ测量结果显示文科生在精神质（P）维度得分显著低于理科生（P＜0.01）男生精神质（P）维度得分显著高于女生（P＜0.01）,大二学生在神经质（N）得分显著高于大一学生（P＜0.01）.内外向（E）维度与父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）、母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）、母亲偏爱被试（m5）呈正相关（P＜0.01）;精神质（P）与父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）、母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）呈负相关（P＜0.01）,与父亲惩罚严厉（f2）、父亲过分干涉（f3）、父亲拒绝否认（f5）、母亲拒绝否认（m3）、母亲严厉惩罚（m4）呈正相关（P＜0.05）;神经质（N）与父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）、母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）呈负相关（P＜0.01）,与父亲过度保护（f6）、母亲过分干涉及过度保护（m2）、母亲惩罚严厉（m4）呈正相关（P＜0.05）.父亲惩罚、严厉（f2）、母亲惩罚、严厉（m4）进入精神质（P）回归方程;母亲情感温暖与理解（m1）进入内外向（E）回归方程;父亲情感温暖与理解（f1）,母亲过度干涉、过度保护（m2）进入神经质（N）回归方程.结论 大学生父母养育方式对其人格形成有显著影响.     

Impulsive and compulsive behaviors among Danish patients with Parkinson's disease: Prevalence,depression, and personality

IntroductionDopaminergic medication administered to ameliorate motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease is associated with impulse control disorders, such as pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive buying, and binge eating. Studies indicate a prevalence of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease of 6–16%.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of impulsive and compulsive behaviors among Danish patients with Parkinson's disease and to explore the relation of such behavioral disorders to depression and personality.Methods490 patients with Parkinson's disease (303 males), identified through the National Danish Patient Registry, were evaluated with: 1) the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease; 2) the Geriatric Depression Scale; and 3) the NEO-Personality Inventory.Results176 (35.9%) patients reported impulsive and compulsive behaviors sometime during Parkinson's disease (current symptoms in 73, 14.9%). Hereof, 114 (23.3%) reported multiple behavioral symptoms. Patients with behavioral symptoms were significantly younger, were younger at PD onset, had longer disease duration, displayed more motor symptoms, and received higher doses of dopaminergic medication than patients without behavioral symptoms. Furthermore, they reported significantly more depressive symptoms and scored significantly higher on neuroticism and lower on both agreeableness and conscientiousness than patients without behavioral symptoms.ConclusionA history of impulsive and compulsive behaviors are common in Danish patients with Parkinson's disease and have clinical correlates that may allow identification of patients at risk for developing these behaviors.