黄芪多糖通过激活脂联素信号通路减轻小鼠溃疡性结肠炎

目的:探讨黄芪多糖治疗小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的效果,并初步探究其作用机制.方法:40只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、黄芪多糖低剂量组、黄芪多糖中剂量组和黄芪多糖高剂量组,每组8只.除对照组外,其余各组小鼠通过饮用5％葡聚糖硫酸钠盐(DSS)溶液10 d构建溃疡性结肠炎模型.于饮用5％DSS溶液30 min...     

Protective effects of asiaticoside on septic lung injury in mice

Asiaticoside (AS), a major triterpenoid saponin component isolated from Centella asiatica, has been described to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed to determine the protective effects and the underlying mechanisms of AS on septic lung injury induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were pretreated with the AS (45 mg/kg) or AS as well as GW9662 at 1 h before CLP, the survival, lung injury, inflammatory mediators and signaling molecules, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were determined 24 h after CLP. The results showed that AS significantly decreased CLP-induced the mortality, lung pathological damage, the infiltration of mononuclear, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes and total proteins. Moreover, AS inhibited CLP-induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in lung tissues, and the production of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Interestingly, the expression of PPAR-γ protein in lung tissue was up-regulated by AS. Furthermore, GW9662 (the inhibitor of PPAR-γ) significantly reversed these beneficial effects of AS in septic mice. These findings suggest that AS could effectively protect from septic lung injury induced by CLP and the underlying mechanisms might be related to up-regulation of PPAR-γ expression to some extent, which inhibits MAPKs and NF-κB pathway.     

Adiponectin reduces connective tissue growth factor in human hepatocytes which is already induced in non-fibrotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is induced in liver fibrosis and enhances the activity of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Recently we have shown that the hepatoprotective adipokine adiponectin downregulates CTGF in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). In the current study, the mechanisms mediating suppression of CTGF by adiponectin and the well described downstream effector of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), were analyzed in more detail. Adiponectin downregulated CTGF mRNA and protein in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and suppression was blocked by a PPARα antagonist indicating that AdipoR2 is involved. The PPARα agonists fenofibrate and WY14643 also reduced CTGF protein in these cells. Adiponectin further impaired TGFβ-mediated upregulation of CTGF. Phosphorylation of the TGFβ downstream effectors SMAD2 and –3 was reduced in PHH incubated with adiponectin or PPARα agonists suggesting that early steps in TGFβ signal transduction are impaired. CTGF and TGFβ mRNA levels were increased in human non-fibrotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and here AdipoR2 expression was significantly reduced. Current data show that CTGF and TGFβ are already induced in non-fibrotic NASH and this may be partly explained by low adiponectin bioactivity which interferes with TGFβ signaling by reducing phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and by downregulating CTGF.     

过氧化物酶体增殖活化体受体γ与支气管哮喘气道重塑相关细胞

气道重塑是支气管哮喘的重要病理表现,多种细胞在气道重塑的病理过程中起重要作用.过氧化物酶体增殖活化体受体γ可抑制多种气道重塑相关细胞的功能,从而减轻气道气道重塑.     

Autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells exacerbates eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis

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罗格列酮对新生大鼠高氧肺损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨PPAR-γ配体罗格列酮在新生大鼠高氧肺损伤中的保护作用。方法：取新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠96只,随机分为对照组、高氧组和罗格列酮治疗组。对照组在空气中饲养,后两组暴露在85%～90%氧气中。治疗组给予罗格列酮腹腔内注射每日1次（2 mg/kg）。3组于实验第1、3、7、14 d各处死8只大鼠并取其肺组织,行苏木精-伊红染色观察其病理形态改变,同时取其肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,检测其中的丙二醛（MDA）含量及白细胞计数。结果：对照组在各时间点均未见明显病理性改变;高氧组3 d时肺泡上皮细胞肿胀,肺泡腔内可见大量炎性渗出液,14 d时肺泡减少,肺间质增厚,肺泡发育受阻;与高氧组相比,罗格列酮治疗组炎症反应表现较轻,肺泡发育障碍有所缓解。与对照组相比,高氧组3 d时辐射状肺泡计数(RAC)明显下降（P<0.05）,MDA和白细胞计数明显增高（P<0.05）,这种变化一直持续至14 d（P<0.05）;与高氧组相比,罗格列酮治疗组3、7、14 d各亚组RAC明显增高（P<0.05）,MDA和白细胞计数水平较低（P<0.05）。结论：高氧肺损伤时出现肺部的急性炎症反应和肺泡发育受阻,罗格列酮对高氧肺损伤可能具有保护作用。     

Combined effects of PPARγ<Subscript>2</Subscript> P12A and PPARα L162V polymorphisms on glucose and insulin homeostasis: the Québec Family Study

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ₂ and are nuclear factors known to be important regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism. Two polymorphisms, namely PPAR₂ P12A and PPAR L162V, were investigated for their individual and interaction effects on glucose and insulin homeostasis. Genotypes were determined in 663 nondiabetic adults participating in the Québec Family Study and who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The insulin and C-peptide areas under the curve (AUC) following the OGTT were higher in subjects carrying the PPAR V162 allele compared to homozygous for the L162 allele. When subjects were grouped according to both polymorphisms, higher levels of insulin and C-peptide during the OGTT were observed for those carrying the PPAR V162 allele except when they carry at the same time the PPAR₂ A12 allele. Thus, the PPAR₂ A12 allele seems protective against the deleterious effect of the PPAR V162 allele. Furthermore, a significant gene-gene interaction was observed for the acute (0–30 min) (p<0.001) and the total (p=0.05) C-peptide AUC following the OGTT. These results provide evidence of a gene-gene interaction in the regulation of plasma glucose-insulin homeostasis, and emphasize that these interactions need to be taken into account when dissecting the genetic etiology of complex disorders.     

Changes in the amounts of myelin lipids and molecular species of plasmalogen PE in the brain of an autopsy case with D-bifunctional protein deficiency

Changes in the molecular species of lipids associated with peroxisomal d-bifunctional protein (d-BP) deficiency were investigated in cerebral tissues to elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying this disorder. Total phospholipids in the gray and white matters of the patient's brain were decreased to approximately 73% and 50% of control levels, respectively, and profound declines in myelin lipids, i.e. galactosyl ceramide and sulfatides, indicated dysmyelination in our patient with d-BP deficiency. Although the total ganglioside amounts in the gray and white matter of this patient's brain were also decreased to 61% and 37% of control levels and GM1 in the white matter was 20% of the control level, the relative amounts of GM2 in both the gray and the white matter of this patient's brain were increased in comparison to those in the control, indicating altered metabolism of gangliosides. In addition, among molecular species of phospholipids, plasmalogen-type and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylethanolamine were characteristically decreased in the patient's gray matter. These alterations in the molecular species of brain lipids may affect sensitivity to oxidative stress and the membrane fluidity of neural cells, thereby producing the brain pathology of d-BP deficiency.     

PPARγ在不同周龄apoE-/-小鼠主动脉斑块表达及与斑块成份的相互关系

目的:研究PPARγ基因表达与ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉斑块成份的相互关系。方法:以20和40周龄ApoE-/-小鼠(n=10/组)为研究对象,相同基因背景和周龄C57BL/6 J小鼠设为对照。采用RT-PCR和免疫印迹技术检测各组小鼠主动脉PPARγ基因和蛋白表达变化;Movat 5色套染法和油红O染色检测ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉斑块成份;免疫组织化学技术检测斑块内PPARγ、SM-actin、MOMA-2抗原表达。结合免疫荧光技术分析PPARγ基因在主动脉斑块巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞的表达及与脂质、弹性纤维、胶原和蛋白聚糖的相互关系。结果:20和40周龄C57BL/6 J小鼠主动脉壁有少量PPARγ表达,以20周龄组明显。ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉壁和斑块内PPARγ表达增多,以斑块内表达明显(P<0.05);与20周龄组比较,40周龄组表达最显著;且斑块脂质含量丰富;弹性纤维、胶原和蛋白聚糖含量减少,血管正性重塑明显;MOMA-2表达增加,SM-actin表达降低(P<0.05)。PPARγ在斑块内巨噬细胞、血管中膜平滑肌细胞和斑块内平滑肌细胞都有表达,但以脂质含量丰富处PPARγ表达最明显。结论:PPARγ在C57BL/6 J小鼠动脉壁表达随增龄而减少;在ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉壁和斑块内PPARγ表达随AS病变进程而增加。推测ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉斑块PPARγ表达上调可能是机体一种代偿行为和自我保护机制。     

Effect of dietary vitamin E on the development of altered hepatic foci and hepatic tumors induced by the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate

Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the dietary antioxidant vitamin E on hepatocarcinogenesis by peroxisome proliferators which, it is hypothesized, induce tumors by increased production of hydrogen peroxide or other oxygen radicals. Rats were fed diets containing the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate and one of three concentrations (10, 50, or 500 ppm) of-tocopheryl acetate for 6 months or 21 months. The incidence of hepatic tumors and the number and volume of-glutamyl-transpeptidase-positive, ATPase-negative, glucose-6-phosphatase-negative, and glucose-6-phosphatase-positive foci were quantified. No tumors or altered hepatic foci were seen at 6 months, but at 21 months the incidence of hepatic tumors and the number and volume of altered hepatic foci were increased in rats fed higher levels of vitamin E. Indices of oxidative damage — concentrations of malonaldehyde, conjugated dienes, and lipidsoluble fluorescence products — were not affected or were lower in rats fed higher amounts of vitamin E; the enhancing effect of vitamin E on the development of altered hepatic foci and hepatic tumors, therefore, was not related to the induction of cellular oxidative damage. Hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidation and vitamin C concentrations were not affected by vitamin E, whereas the glutathione concentration was decreased in rats fed higher amounts of vitamin E. This study shows that increasing the vitamin E content of the diet enhances ciprofibrate-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, but the mechanism of this effect is unclear.Abbreviations GGT -glutamyl transpeptidase - G6Pase glucose-6-phosphatase Supported by American Institute for Cancer Research grant 86B66 and National Cancer Institute grant CA43719.