Spread of epidural analgesia following a constant pressure injection

(1) The spread of epidural analgesia following injection of 15ml of 2% mepivacaine was 17.3 ± 0.6, 14.3 ± 0.4, and 13.3 ± 0.7 spinal segments in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar epidural analgesia, respectively. The patients age showed significant correlation with the spread of epidural analgesia in cervical (r = 0.5776, p < 0.001), thoracic (r = 0.3758, p < 0.01), and lumbar area (r = 0.8195, p < 0.001). The spread of cervical epidural analgesia was more caudad than cephalad (p < 0.05), but in lumbar epidural analgesia it was more cephalad than caudad (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the cephalad and caudad spread in thoracic epidural analgesia.(2) The epidural pressure immediately after injection of 15ml of 2% mepivacaine into the lumbar epidural space at a constant pressure (80mmHg) correlated to the patients age (r = –0.5714, p < 0.001) and the spread of analgesia (r = –0.3904, p < 0.05). The lower epidural pressure associated with higher age, the wider spread of analgesia. There was no significant correlation between the residual pressure at 60 seconds and the age or the spread of analgesia.(Hirabayashi Y et al.: Spread of epidural analgesia following a constant pressure injection: an investigation of relationships between locus of injection, epidural pressure and spread of analgesia. J Anesth 1: 44–50, 1987)     

Epidural pressure and its relation to spread of epidural analgesia

The relationships between the epidural pressures following the injection of local anesthetic solution and the spread of epidural analgesia were investigated. In 46 patients, 15ml of 2% mepivacaine was injected into the lumbar epidural space at a constant rate (1ml/sec) using an electropowered syringe pump. Injection pressures and residual pressures were recorded and the spread of analgesia to pinprick was assessed. The changes of the epidural pressures during and following the injection of a volume of local anesthetic solution in old subjects were significantly smaller than those in young subjects (P < 0.05). The spread of analgesia closely correlated with the epidural pressures during and following the injection of local anesthetic solution. The most close correlation was found between the epidural pressure immediately after the completion of injection and the spread of analgesia (r = –0.5659, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the lower the terminal injection pressure and the residual pressures associated with higher age, the wider the spread of epidural analgesia.(Hirabayashi Y, Matsuda I, Inoue S et al.: Epidural pressure and its relation to spread of epidural analgesia. J Anesth 1: 168–172, 1987)     

Perioperative Cefamandolprophylaxe bei aortocoronaren Bypass-Operationen Serumkonzentrationsverlauf während der extrakorporalen Zirkulation

Zusammenfassung Eine perioperative antibiotische Kurzprophylaxe mit 2 g Cefamandol intravenös bei Narkoseeinleitung wurde bei 12 Patienten während coronarchirurgischer Eingriffe unter Verwendung der Herz-Lungen-Maschine durchgeführt. Bei Beginn der extrakorporalen Zirkulation (= EKZ) kam es infolge Hämodilution zu einem Absinken der Serumkonzentrationen von 110,96 ± 40,29 mcg/ml auf 70,89 ± 34,65 g/ml innerhalb von 10 min. Im weiteren Verlauf der EKZ war der Abfall der Serumspiegel gleich schnell wie davor und danach. Nach 240 min fanden sich noch Serumspiegel von 16,80 ± 9,32 g/ml. Als Ursache für das Versagen einer antibiotischen Prophylaxe kommt bei einer Operationsdauer von mehr als 4 h das Absinken der Serumspiegel unter die minimale Hemmkonzentration der entsprechenden Keime in Frage.

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Perioperative cefamandole prophylaxis in aortocoronary bypass operations: Course of serum concentration during extracorporeal circulation

Summary Antibiotic prophylaxis with 2 g Cefamandole at induction of anaesthesia was performed in 12 male patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery. Caused by hemodilution, there was a marked decrease of serum concentration at the beginning of extracorporeal circulation, from 110.96 ± 40.29 mcg/ml to 70.89 ± 34.65 mcg/ml within 10 min. During extracorporeal circulation, elimination was as fast as before and after perfusion. 240 min after application, mean serum concentrations of 16.80 ± 9.32 mcg/ml were measured. Failure of antibiotic prophylaxis in operations exceeding 4 h might be due to unadaequate antibiotic concentrations, beyond the minimal inhibitory concentration for the pathogens, reported to cause infections after cardiac operations.

     

老年髋部骨折患者围术期“2P-3R”营养管理模式构建

目的构建老年髋部骨折患者围术期营养管理模式,促进患者早手术、早下地、早康复。方法针对老年髋部骨折患者营养管理现状,采用课题研究型品管圈活动进行改进。经过科学循证、专家指导等,从术前、术后及家庭三个环节,骨科、营养科、家庭三个维度,人员、制度、材料设备、方法、信息五个方面,制定三大对策群组并予以实施,包括组建营养支持团队、构建营养管理策略、搭建多维信息交互平台等。结果老年髋部骨折患者首次下地时间缩短为26.7 h,平均住院日缩短为5.6 d,实现了早手术、早下地、早康复的目标。结论对老年髋部骨折患者实施个性化、全流程的序贯性营养干预具有重要意义。后续还需开展大样本多中心研究以进一步验证成效,数据自动采集与智能反馈也是今后研究重点。     

Interdisciplinary Protocol for Surgery in Older Persons: Development and Implementation

As the population ages, more older adults will undergo surgical procedures, and common physiologic changes can raise the risk for surgical complications while increasing morbidity and mortality. In conjunction with the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, we piloted a comprehensive and interdisciplinary assessment and intervention protocol for perioperative care for patients aged ≥75 years undergoing elective general, gynecology-oncologic, and orthopedic surgery. The intervention included screening tools for cognitive, functional, and nutritional deficits, a Geriatric Nurse Champion on each inpatient surgical unit, and an interdisciplinary Geriatric Surgery Quality Committee. Our intervention group was compared to surgical patients during the same time period 1 year prior to the intervention, and the groups were well matched in demographics and comorbidities. The intervention group had significantly higher rates of advance care plan documentation in analysis of all patients (P < .001) and in subgroup analysis of those 85 and older (P = .006). The preintervention group had less postoperative delirium compared to the postintervention group but it was not significant and there was no difference in length of stay between groups. Various explanations for the minimal impact of the protocol exist: small sample size, presence of other hospital initiatives to reduce pressure ulcer and delirium, and clinician’s awareness of project planning that led to incorporating ideas prior to official implementation. Future research implementing this protocol in naïve and/or underperforming institutions may demonstrate a greater effect. Larger sample size as well as implementation in other surgical fields may reveal a significant impact. However, if additional study does not reveal a meaningful impact of a comprehensive geriatric assessment for surgical patients, then consideration must be made regarding unrecognized factors in surgical care for older adults or perhaps that factors cannot be mitigated in older adults because they are intrinsically a higher surgical risk.     

预防性护理干预在女性垂体瘤切除术患者围手术期的应用效果

目的探讨预防性护理干预在女性垂体瘤切除术患者围手术期的应用效果。方法选取2019年11月至2020年12月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院南区收治的84例女性垂体瘤切除术患者作为研究对象,根据护理方法的不同分为观察组(42例)和对照组(42例),分别实施预防性护理干预和常规护理,比较两组患者术后并发症发生率、护理满意度及护理前后焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分。结果观察组患者术后并发症总发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组护理后的SAS和SDS评分低于护理前,观察组护理后SAS和SDS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的护理总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论女性垂体瘤切除术患者实施预防性护理干预,可提高术后并发症的防治效果,促进患者快速、良好康复。     

异氟醚吸入分娩镇痛对新生儿神经行为的影响(英文)

目的 :探讨异氟醚用于阴道分娩镇痛对新生儿神经行为的影响。方法 :75例产妇随机分为异氟醚组、笑气组和对照组 ,采用新生儿神经适应能力评分 (NACS)对新生儿出生后 15min ,2h及 2 4h进行监测。结果 :3组新生儿的神经行为状态差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。 15min ,2h及 2 4h的评分相比 ,3组新生儿均为 2h的评分最低。 2 4h评分时 ,3组分别有 92 %、89%和 90 %的新生儿评为高分。结论 :吸入异氟醚分娩镇痛对新生儿 15min、2h及 2 4h的神经行为状态无不良影响。     

耳针分娩镇痛效果及对母儿的影响

目的 :探讨耳针镇痛的临床效果。方法 :对 6 8例正常足月初产妇临产后取耳穴、子宫穴、神门穴、交感穴、内分泌穴针刺镇痛 ,同时以 6 0例足月妊娠的正常产妇为对照组 ,不采取任何方法进行镇痛。记录 2组镇痛效果及产程、分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿评分的数值。结果 :耳针能协调子宫收缩、减轻疼痛、缩短产程 ,对分娩方式、产后出血量及新生儿阿氏评分均无影响。结论 :耳针用于分娩镇痛安全、简便、有效、便于推广     

硬膜外注射曲马多和咪唑安定用于术后镇痛效果观察

目的 :观察硬膜外注射曲马多和咪唑安定用于腹部手术术后镇痛效果、不良反应和对血流动力学及呼吸的影响。方法 :随机选择 40例连续硬膜外麻醉下行中、下腹部手术患者 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。分为 2组 ,Ⅰ组 (曲马多和咪唑安定组 ) 2 0例 ;Ⅱ组 (曲马多组 ) 2 0例。于关腹时 ,Ⅰ组将曲马多 10 0ml和咪唑安定 2 .5mg ,用生理盐水稀释至 10ml;Ⅱ组将曲马多 10 0mg用生理盐水稀释至 10ml,均一次缓慢注入硬膜外腔。监测注药后 10min ,2 0min和30min的平均动脉压 (pMA)、心率 (fH)、血氧饱和度 (xO2 )、呼吸频率 (fR)和心电图 (ECG)变化。PrinceHennry疼痛评分标准评价镇痛效果 ,同时记录镇痛时间及不良反应。结果 :Ⅰ组镇痛评分为 (1.2 5± 1.10 ) ,疼痛完全缓解率为85 % ,Ⅱ组评分为 (1.75± 1.12 ) ,疼痛完全缓解率为 75 %。镇痛完全时间Ⅰ组为 (15 .4± 4.4)h ,Ⅱ组为 (10 .9± 0 .9)h ,Ⅰ组明显长于Ⅱ组 (P <0 .0 1)。监测各项指标与注药前比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。 2组患者均未发现肺部并发症及心律失常。结论 :术后硬膜外注入曲马多和咪唑安定可提供确切的镇痛效果 ,且患者呼吸及循环功能稳定 ,是一种安全可靠的术后镇痛方法