99Tcm直接标记αvβ3受体拮抗剂环形RGD多肽

目的探讨^99Tc^m直接标记αvβ3受体配体——含2个二硫键的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）-九肽（RGD-4CK）的可行性和不同标记条件对标记率的影响。方法采用预锡化法^99Tc^m直接标记RGD-4CK，3MM色谱纸层析测定^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK的雕值，计算标记率与比活度。研究各种标记条件对^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK标记率的影响。通过高效液相色谱仪（HPLC）分析，Sep-Pak C18柱层析，进行体外稳定性实验、半胱氨酸置换实验以及血清蛋白结合实验，评价^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK的放射化学性质。结果^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK在以丙酮和V（氨水）：V（乙醇）：V（水）=1：2：5为流动相中的雕值分别为0与0．8～0．9，标记率为（97．8±0．4）％，基础标记条件下的比活度为（11．90±0．05）TBq／mmol。在以下条件下放化纯均〉95％：（1）酒石酸亚锡为150～300μg；（2）预锡化反应pH值为2．0～3．5，温度60℃，保温时间6h以上；（3）^99Tc^mO4^-活度为37～185MBq，体积在200μl内；（4）标记温度为95℃，标记时间30min.^99Tc^m-RGD-4CKHPLC的保留时间与其洗脱液的放射峰基本一致；^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK室温放置6h，放化纯仍〉95％；Sep—Pak C18柱层析测定的^99Tc^m O4^-峰仅比3MM纸层析高0．5％；标记物与300mmol／L半胱氨酸37℃保温1h，^99Tc^m O4^-峰仅增加1．88％；^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK与血清蛋白无明显结合。结论预锡化法^99Tc^m直接标记RGD-4CK方法简便、标记率高，无需分离纯化即可直接应用，还可用于制备冻干品药盒。标记产物^99Tc^m-RGD-4CK具有良好的放射化学性质。     

Somatostatin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities are frequently colocalized in neurons in the caudal brain stem of rat

Summary The medulla oblongata and pons of colchicine treated rats were analyzed with a doublestaining technique using mouse monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin and rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against methionine-enkephalin. Numerous cells reacted with both antisera but cells reacting with only one antiserum were also observed. Double-stained cells were most frequently encountered at all levels of the nucleus tractus solitarii, in a well defined group in the caudal medullary reticular formation, along the lateral ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, dorsolateral to the inferior olive and in the nucleus raphe magnus. These findings provide further examples of coexistence of two peptides and indicate the possibility that somatostatin-and enkephalin-like peptides are co-released.     

Amide molecular clocks in drosophila proteins: potential regulators of aging and other processes

After synthesis and folding, peptides and proteins undergo changes in charge and conformation through nonenzymatic deamidation of asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues. Each amide has a specific deamidation rate that is genetically determined by the sequence of residues immediately adjacent in the peptide chain and by secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. By means of experimentally verified computations, we have determined the deamidation rates of 49 Drosophila peptides and proteins. These rates demonstrate that deamidation provides molecular clocks that are suitable for the regulation of Drosophila aging, development, and other biochemical processes. We have also determined the rates of deamidation for 17,886 other proteins from a wide variety of organisms. The distribution function of these deamidation rates demonstrates the suitability of amide residues as biomolecular clocks.     

A peptide inhibitor of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) blocks leukocyte-endothelium interactions under shear stress

Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an endothelial adhesion molecule mediating leukocyte interactions with blood vessels during leukocyte extravasation. Molecularly VAP-1 is a cell-surface-expressed ecto-enzyme belonging to the group of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAO; EC 2.4.6.3), which deaminate primary amines. Here we asked whether peptides displaying a suitable free amine group could be a substrate or inhibitor of SSAO and thus regulate VAP-1-mediated leukocyte adhesion. On the basis of a molecular model of VAP-1, we designed synthetic peptides that fit to the substrate channel of VAP-1. One of these lysine-containing peptides effectively inhibits VAP-1-dependent lymphocyte rolling and firm adhesion to primary endothelial cells under physiologically relevant shear conditions. The same peptide inhibits the SSAO activity of endothelial and recombinant VAP-1 in a selective and long-lasting manner. We also show that all enzymatically active VAP-1 is displayed on the cell surface. Our results suggest that, in addition to soluble amines, specific cell-surface-bound molecules containing free NH(2) groups in a suitable position may modulate the enzymatic activity of SSAO. Moreover, the inhibitory peptide diminishes leukocyte interactions with endothelial cells under conditions of shear, and thus it may be useful to treat inflammatory conditions.     

HIV感染者体内抗小分子多肽抗体与病情发展的初步研究

目的 研究HIv感染者体内抗—R7v含量与病情发展的关系。方法 用ELISA、中和沉淀等方法检测HIv感染者、长期生存者、艾滋病患者等的抗—R7v含量。结果 抗—R7v检出率在无症状组和长期生存组较高，在进展者和艾滋病患者中较低，溶解处理标本后抗—R7v含量及阳性率明显提高。结论 抗—R7V主要通过于扰HIV与CCB5、CxCR4结合，使HIV不能进入CD4^ T淋巴细胞内，并阻止病毒的复制。     

Neonatal damage to the rat's infraorbital nerve upregulates both galanin and neuropeptide Y in individual vibrissae-related primary afferent axons

Previous studies in adult animals have suggested that the peptides galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be upregulated in the same primary afferent neurons after peripheral axotomy. The present study was undertaken to determine whether such upregulation occurred in vibrissae-related primary afferent neurons and their axons after damage to the infraorbital nerve [ION; the trigeminal (V) branch that innervates the vibrissae follicles]. Double-labelling experiments demonstrated that approximately 75% of axotomized V ganglion cells and the central arbors of vibrissae-related primary afferents expressed both galanin and NPY after perinatal, but not adult, nerve damage. However, additional experiments demonstrated that the sensitive periods for lesion-induced upregulation of the two peptides and the period over which they were expressed after neonatal ION transection differed substantially. Staining for both peptides was increased after ION damage on P-0 through P-14, but only galanin staining was increased in vibrissae-related primary afferents after lesions on P-21. Galanin expression was elevated in vibrissae-related primary afferents in rats killed 3,8, and 15 days after neonatal ION transection, while increased NPY was observed at only the middle time point. The lesion-induced increases in galanin and NPY in vibrissae-related ION primary afferents suggest that these peptides may modulate central V reorganization after such damage.     

鼻咽癌患者树突状细胞对EBV特异性细胞毒T细胞的免疫反应

目的：用负载EB病毒抗原LMP-2表位肽段的鼻咽癌患者树突状细胞（DC）诱导自身CD8^＋T细胞，观察其细胞毒性T细胞的免疫应答能力。方法：在体外分离并诱导成熟HLA—A2基因型鼻咽癌患者自身的DC，分别负载EB病毒抗原LMP-2的HIA—A2限制型两个表位肽段CLGGLLTMV（CLG）和LTAGFIFL（LTA）后，诱导自身CD8^＋T细胞，培养2周后，运用酶联免疫斑点法（Elispot）和HLA-肽四聚体法（Tetramer）检测诱导后T细胞的免疫应答情况。结果：经DC抗原呈递后分泌IFN-γ的CLG和LTA特异性CD8^＋T细胞数，分别为（42．67±33．79）个／孔和（25．67±18．25）个／孔，而呈递前分别为（2．67±1．97）个／孔和（5．33±1．86）个／孔。两者IFN-γ^＋CD8^＋T细胞数均有明显增加（P〈0．05）。CLG和LTA肽段特异性细胞毒性T细胞（CTL）的中位数在呈递前分别为0．135％和1．14％；呈递后则为1．045％和1．945％。两者较呈递前均明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：负载EB病毒抗原LMP-2表位肽段的DC诱导鼻咽癌患者自身CD8^＋T细胞，可产生特异性CTL，对鼻咽癌患者的免疫治疗具有潜在的应用价值。     

心肌肽素对大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注损伤的治疗作用

目的:研究多肽类物质心肌肽素对大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注损伤的治疗作用。方法:在大鼠冠脉结扎致心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型上,观察心肌肽素治疗性给药对缺血大鼠血浆中肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及脂质过氧化终产物(MDA)含量的影响。结果:心肌肽素治疗性给药能明显降低血浆CPK、LDH的活性与MDA含量,其作用具有明显的量效关系。结论:心肌肽素对心脏缺血-再灌注损伤有治疗作用,提示可能与其抗脂质过氧化和影响心肌酶的活性有关。     

Immunogenicity and T cell recognition in swine of foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase 3D

Immunization of domestic pigs with a vaccinia virus (VV) recombinant expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D protein conferred partial protection against challenge with infectious virus. The severity reduction of the clinical symptoms developed by the challenged animals occurred in the absence of significant levels of anti-3D circulating antibodies. This observation suggested that the partial protection observed was mediated by the induction of a 3D-specific cellular immune response. To gain information on the T cell recognition of FMDV 3D protein, we conducted in vitro proliferative assays using lymphocytes from outbred pigs experimentally infected with FMDV and 90 overlapping peptides spanning the complete 3D sequence. The use of pools of two to three peptides allowed the identification of T cell epitopes that were efficiently recognized by lymphocytes from at least four of the five animals analyzed. This recognition was heterotypic because anti-peptide responses increased upon reinfection of animals with a FMDV isolate from a different serotype. The results obtained with individual peptides confirmed the antigenicity observed with peptide pools. Detection of cytokine mRNAs by RT-PCR in lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by individual 3D peptides revealed that IFN-gamma mRNA was the most consistently induced, suggesting that the activated T cells belong to the Th 1 subset. These results indicate that 3D protein contains epitopes that can be efficiently recognized by porcine T lymphocytes from different infected animals, both upon primary and secondary (heterotypic) FMDV infection. These epitopes can extend the repertoire of viral T cell epitopes to be included in subunit and synthetic FMD vaccines.     

CCK and other peptides modulate hypothalamic norepinephrine release in the rat: Dependence on hunger or satiety

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the functional relationship between putative satiety peptides and endogenous norepinephrine (NE) activity in the hypothalamus. Permanent guide cannulae for push-pull perfusion were implanted stereotaxically in Sprague-Dawley rats so as to rest above the medial or lateral hypothalamus (LH). Post-operatively, the animals were either satiated with food and water, both available ad lib, or fasted for 18-22 hr prior to an experiment. To perfuse a site in the LH, paraventricular (PVN) or ventromedial nucleus (VMN), a concentric 29-23 ga push-pull cannula system was lowered to a pre-determined site, in most cases after catecholamine stores had been pre-labeled with [3H]-NE. During control tests, an artificial CSF was perfused at a rate of 20-25 microliter/min for 5-8 min with a 5 min interval between each sample. The addition of cholecystokinin (CCK) in a concentration of 2.0-6.0 ng/microliter to the CSF perfused in PVN or VMN of the satiated rat enhanced the efflux of NE; however, in the fasted animal CCK often suppressed the catecholamine's release. Perfused in the LH, CCK exerted opposite effects, typically augmenting NE output when the rat was fasted but not affecting the amine's activity during the sated condition. Proglumide (1.2 micrograms/microliter) attenuated CCK's effect in releasing NE when the antagonist was perfused in the PVN of the satiated rat. Similar experiments in which neurotensin (NT) was perfused in the LH, PVN and VMN revealed virtually the same inverse effects on NE release in the fasted and satiated rat, which again were anatomically specific. Finally, insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) exerted similar state-dependent effects on the release of NE within LH and PVN. Overall, the results suggest that CCK or other neuroactive peptide could serve as a "neuromodulator" of the pre-synaptic release of NE within classical hypothalamic structures which are thought to underlie both hunger and satiety. The state-dependent nature of the peptides' activity on the noradrenergic feeding mechanism implies that these substances constitute a pivotal portion of the profile of factors which impinge functionally upon the hypothalamic neurons responsible for the feeding response and its cessation.