Current prevalence of hepatitis A,B and C in a well-defined area in rural Crete,Greece

A seroepidemiological study was carried out in a geographically well-defined area in rural Crete in order to determine the prevalence of A, B and C hepatitis markers in the local population. Serum samples were obtained from 257 subjects (94 males, 163 females), aged 15 years and over, who visited the primary health care services of the Spili Health Centre between July 1993 and March 1994, and from 164 subjects (83 males, 81 females) randomly selected from households in three neighbouring villages of the study area. In samples obtained from the Spili Health Centre, antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) were detected in 234/244 (95.9%) subjects, antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAb) were detected in 63/257 (24.5%) subjects and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) were detected in 28/257 (10.9%) subjects. The corresponding figures for those randomly selected from the villages were 135/154 (87.7%), 16/164 (9.8%) and 5/164 (3%) respectively. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was positive in three (1.2%) subjects from the first group, while none of those recruited from the villages were positive for HBsAg. Interestingly, hepatitis markers were closely associated with age. No subjects under the age of 15 years showed evidence of prior hepatitis A infection and approximately 20% of those between 15 and 44 years of age were also negative. By contrast, practically all subjects older than 44 years were anti-HAV positive. Similarly, the majority of all those who were anti-HCV positive were older subjects. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis in this well-defined population seems to be different from other parts of Greece, at least for hepatitis B and C viruses. There is a very low prevalence of HBsAg and a very high incidence of anti-HCV. Low exposure to HAV, as found in other parts of the country, was also found in the younger generation in this rural area of Crete.     

动物肠道溶瘤病毒实验治疗荷瘤小鼠的非瘤器官光镜及电镜观察

用动物肠道溶瘤病毒(Ecco-18)实验治疗荷瘤小鼠(P_(615))时,对其非瘤器官进行了光镜和电镜观察。结果发现,荷瘤小鼠各脏器均未查到病毒颗粒或病毒性物质。各脏器的超微结构与对照组相比未见病理改变。     

Retinal specificity in eye fragments: investigations on the retinotectal projections of different quarter-eyes in Xenopus laevis

According to Sperry's chemoaffinity hypothesis, the projection of a small eye fragment with a reduced amount of optic fibres should be restricted to that position in the optic tectum corresponding to its own specificity. However, previous investigations on different types of quarter-eyes in Xenopus laevis have revealed that their retinal projection was always restricted to the rostral part of the tectum, no matter what the origin of the remaining retinal quadrant. To get an indication of the state of specificity in such eye fragments, we investigated by electrophysiological and histological methods several features of the retinal projections of temporoventral (TV), naso-ventral (NV) and ventral (V) quarter-eyes which referred to their positional identity. Irrespective of their different origins, the projections were always located in the rostral part of the tectum, the size of the innervated tectal area depending for all fragment types on the size of the quarter-eyes, i.e. number of optic fibres. However, quantitative analyses revealed that with increasing eye size the various fragments expand their projections preferentially into those tectal areas that match their original specificity: TV projection is more concentrated in the rostral tectum, NV eyes expand their projections mainly to the caudal tectum, and V eyes enlarge their projections equally into the medial and caudal tectum. In addition, fibre-tracing experiments with cobaltic lysine showed that, according to the different origins of the quarter-eyes, retinal fibres follow the appropriate branch of the optic tract selectively: fibres of NV and V eyes pass mainly through the medial tract, and most fibres of TV eyes innervate the rostral tectum directly from a central position between the two side branches. All these findings suggest that the different types of quarter-eyes retain their original positional identity. Thus, their rostrally located retinotectal projections are not in register with their retinal specificity. We conclude that in X. laevis local positional markers in the tectum, if present at all, do not influence the development of the retinotectal projection. Instead we suggest a concept of self-sorting of the optic fibres, which can account for the partial innervation of the rostral tectum in different types of quarter-eyes.     

91例甲状腺疾病临床病理诊断分析

在临床病理手术切除中甲状腺疾病很常见，其疾病的良恶性鉴别和具体类型诊断有一定难度。因甲状腺疾病的病因复杂，有多病变并存现象，且密切相关、相互影响，如何合理准确地进行病理诊断是指导临床治疗和随诊的重要依据。现将我科2002年1月至2004年12月91例甲状腺病理活检材料进行回顾性分析，以进一步提高甲状腺疾病诊断和鉴别诊断水平。     

胸水CYFRA21-1、CEA及NSE联合测定对肺癌的诊断价值

目的　通过胸水CYFRA2 1 1(细胞角蛋白片段 )、CEA(癌胚抗原 )及NSE(神经烯醇化酶 )的检测 ,探讨各指标对肺癌诊断特异性及联合分析对肺癌的诊断价值和临床意义。方法　对 12 3例肺良性疾病组患者和 15 6例肺癌组患者胸水进行上述肿瘤标志物测定。将肺癌患者又根据病理类型分成腺癌组 (81例 )、鳞癌组 (5 0例 )、小细胞癌组 (12例 )和未定性癌组 (13例 )对各指标分别进行对照分析。结果　肺癌组胸水CYFRA2 1 1、CEA及NSE含量 (ng/ml)分别为 5 5 34± 37 44、5 7 11± 5 2 6 5及 16 99± 2 9 2 2 ,而肺良性疾病组的含量则分别为 9 0 8± 7 5 4、9 92± 6 2 8和 7 30±6 2 9,各指标的统计学检验均有极显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。CYFRA2 1 1在肺鳞癌组最高 ,与小细胞肺癌组相比有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与腺癌组和未定型癌组相比无显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;CEA主要在腺癌组的含量均比其他肺癌组有极明显增高 (P <0 0 0 1) ;NSE则在小细胞癌组最高 ,其含量与其他肺癌组相比有极明显增加 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　胸水CYFRA2 1 1,CEA及NSE在不同组织类型肺癌中的含量明显不同 ;三者联合测定对肺癌的诊断有重要的临床参考价值     

Enchondroma of the hand – clinical evaluation of diagnosis, surgical treatment, and outcome

Summary Enchondroma are benign cartilaginous tumors and are localized most often at the site of the phalanges. Between 1982 and 1993 73 patients with monostotic enchondroma and 5 patients with polyostotic enchondroma were operated at our clinic. Clinical signs of monostotic tumors were pathological fracture (38.4 %), pain or swelling. Eleven percent of cases were accidental findings. Surgical treatment was performed by complete removal of the tumors and filling the bone cavity with autologous spongiosa taken from the pelvic bones, the elbow, or the radius. Three patients (4.1 %) had to be operated a second time due to wound infections and hematoma. In one case Sudeck's dystrophy was diagnosed. One patient (1.4 %) developed a recurrent tumor. Our follow-up examination of 65 patients showed that 77 % of the patients with monostotic enchondroma achieve very good or good functional long-term results after this operation, but only 40 % of the patients with polyostotic enchondroma.      

66例成人原发肾病综合征临床治疗与病理分析

本对６６例原发肾病综合征患进行病理类型与临床疗效分析。最常见病理类型为系膜增殖性肾炎，占４２．５％，其次为膜性肾病，占３２．５％，ＩｇＡ肾病占１５．０％。微小病变型及系膜增殖性肾炎对激素及免疫抑制剂治疗效果好，膜性肾病治疗效果差。不同病理类型患病理损害程度与疗效相关。伴肾小管间质病变治疗效果差（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ＮＳⅠ型疗效明显优于ＮＳⅡ型（Ｐ〈０．０５）。５０岁以下原发肾病综合征（ＰＮＳ）     

多种肿瘤标志物联合检测肺癌的临床意义

目的 评价血清肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原50(CA50)、糖类抗原19—9(CA19—9)、铁蛋白(SF)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFlRA21—1)水平对肺癌诊断的临床价值。方法 测定72例肺癌患者和40例良性肺病患者的血清AFP、CEA、CA50、CA19—9、SF、NSE、CYFRA21—1水平，比较两组的差异。结果 肺癌组患者CEA、CA50、CA19—9、SF、NSE、CY—FRA21—1水平高于良性肺病组，AFP对肺癌的诊断价值不大。NSE CYF、RA21—1的联合检测具有良好的阳性和阴性预测值。六项联合检测的敏感性和准确性最高，但与两项联合检测的敏感性和准确性差异无统计学意义。结论 NSE CYFRA21—1的联合检测具有良好的临床应用前景。     

A method combining morphological, immunocytochemical and chromosomal examinations of the same cell in the study of lymphoproliferative diseases

6 cases of different lymphoproliferative diseases were studied with the new MAC (Morphology-Antibody-Chromosome) method in order to find out 1) if the abnormal karyotype is confined to the monoclonal cell population, 2) if there are, within this clone, also cells with a normal karyotype, and 3) if the method can help the pathologist to diagnose malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. The MAC method allows a simultaneous study in the same metaphase cell of the karyotype, surface markers, and some morphological features. In all cases in which a monoclonal cell proliferation was detected immunohistologically, the MAC examination showed a chromosomal abnormality for the same light chain as was detected in immunohistology, but not in other cells. In all but a single case, all mitotic cells belonging to the clonal cell proliferation had an abnormal karyotype. In this case with lambda clonality, 2/8 lambda-positive mitoses had a normal karyotype. However, all the normal mitoses occurred in small lymphocytes whereas the abnormal mitoses were seen in large blastic cells. In 1 case, the MAC method helped in confirming the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma (nodular small cleaved cell type). Especially in lymphomas composed of a mixed cell population, the MAC method makes it possible to find out which cell types have an abnormal karyotype and which have a normal karyotype.     

CD26及半乳糖凝集素3免疫组织化学染色在甲状腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨CD26／DPPⅣ、半乳糖凝集素3免疫组织化学染色及其联合检测在甲状腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法采用免疫组织化学EnVision二步法检测了114例良恶性甲状腺肿瘤组织中CD26／DPPⅣ及半乳糖凝集素3的表达。结果CD26／DPPⅣ及半乳糖凝集素3在正常甲状腺组织中无表达，在甲状腺腺瘤及滤泡癌中少有表达，在大多数甲状腺乳头状癌中呈不同程度的阳性表达。相对于甲状腺腺瘤而言，CD26／DPPⅣ诊断乳头状癌的敏感性、特异性、诊断准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及kappa值分别为86．8％、97．2％、90．4％、98．3％．79．5％及0．80，半乳糖凝集素3分别为97．1％、91．7％、95．2％、95．7％、94．3％及0．89。结论CD26／DPPⅣ及半乳糖凝集素3均是甲状腺乳头状癌较为可靠的标志物，可以辅助常规的病理检查进行乳头状癌与腺瘤的鉴别诊断，它们在甲状腺滤泡癌诊断中的应用价值尚有待于进一步的研究。