上海市虹口区预防接种不良反应主动与被动监测情况分析

目的：为了解预防接种不良反应主动与被动监测情况，为AEFI监测体系提供科学依据。方法：采用对照比较的方法分析虹口区2005年1-9月主动与被动监测预防接种不良反应情况。结果：主动监测的发热、硬结、红肿反应发生率为731．53／10万、414．53／10万、170．69／10万显著高于被动监测73．78／10万、8．20／10万、16．40／10万，主动监测的过敏性皮疹反应率105．67／10万，显著高于被动监测6．56／10万。门诊自身前后比较，4-9月主动监测的发热、硬结、红肿反应发生率显著高于1-3月28．06／10万、56．12／10万、28．06／10万；1-3月被动监测异常反应为0,4-9月主动监测异常反应发生率为113．79／10万。结论：主动监测预防接种不良反应，敏感性高，特异性好，对于完善国家对异常反应的经济补偿政策：正确评估接种疫苗后可能发生的不良反应事件．并提出预防和处理建议．都具有重要意义。     

中国三城市非吸烟妇女被动吸烟现况及影响因素分析

目的了解非吸烟妇女被动吸烟现况及探索控制妇女被动吸烟的措施。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法,收集了北京、上海和成都3500名非吸烟妇女关于被动吸烟情况的资料,应用EpiInfo2002软件进行卡方检验、Fisher检验和方差分析等。结果被动吸烟妇女中有92·7%的人在家中接触环境香烟烟雾(ETS),40·8%的在工作场所接触ETS,其中有38·9%的被动吸烟妇女从出生时即开始被动吸烟,42·3%的从18~30岁开始被动吸烟。被动吸烟妇女平均每天接触ETS(1·17±1·10)h,其中在家中每天被动吸烟超过2h的比例明显高于在工作场所的比例。被动吸烟组中30~50岁年龄组、中等文化程度或配偶中等文化程度、已婚、服务性/商业工作人员、单位负责人以及生产运输工人的构成比显著高于非被动吸烟组中的构成比(P<0·05)。有97·5%的人认为被动吸烟可对自身健康产生危害,非被动吸烟组认为被动吸烟有严重危害的比例显著高于被动吸烟组。被动吸烟妇女中70·0%以上当有人在自己周围吸烟时会打开门窗等,而只有16·9%的人会主动要求别人不要在自己面前吸烟。假设有人在自己面前吸烟时,非被动吸烟组采取主动措施避免被动吸烟的意识显著强于被动吸烟组。被调查的妇女中有95·1%的人相信媒体关于吸烟对健康危害的宣传。结论控制被动吸烟的主要场所是家中和机关单位、商业、服务业以及生产运输的工作场所,尤其要加大对家庭中被动吸烟的控制。人们对被动吸烟危害程度的认识影响着人群被动吸烟率。利用电视和杂志等媒体进行被动吸烟对健康危害的宣传,加强人群主动避免被动吸烟的意识,是控制人群吸烟、降低人群被动吸烟率的可行性措施之一。     

Lung bullae and pulmonary fibrosis associated with marijuana smoking

A 26‐year‐old man with a history of heavy marijuana and minimal tobacco use was found to have extensive bilateral lung bullae and interstitial fibrosis, heavily infiltrated by pigmented macrophages. These features can be associated with marijuana smoking. The differential diagnoses in this patient are also discussed.     

Factors associated with long-term smoking relapse in those who succeeded in smoking cessation using regional smoking cessation programs

It is known that approximately 10% of successful quitters relapse annually. This study aimed to investigate the factors related to long-term smoking relapse in individuals who succeeded in maintaining smoking cessation for 6 months after attending a regional smoking cessation program.This study enrolled 943 individuals registered for the regional smoking cessation program at the Busan Smoking Cessation Center in 2018–2019 who maintained smoking cessation for 6 months. A survey was conducted using a smartphone link or through phone calls, and the data for 305 participants who finally completed the survey were analyzed. The questionnaire addressed individual, inter-individual, organizational, and community-level factors related to smoking relapse. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with smoking relapse by period. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for the factors associated with smoking relapse for the entire period.The smoking relapse rate at the time of the survey was 25.4%. In the analysis of smoking relapse by period, relapse was associated with the belief that smoking relieves stress, the number of single-person households, and poor subjective health status. In the analysis of smoking relapse during the entire period, we observed a significant association with the belief that smoking relieves stress (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52–4.61), single-person households (HR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.16–3.26), and high levels of emotional stress (HR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.04–2.85).Long-term follow-up is necessary to prevent smoking relapse in single-person households, individuals who believe that smoking relieves stress, and those experiencing high levels of subjective emotional stress. Interventional therapies for stress relief and awareness improvement in smokers need to be developed.     

Association of dry eye disease with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis

There is conflicting evidence for the association between smoking and dry eye disease (DED). We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the true relationship between smoking and DED. A systematic literature search was performed using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, till August 2021 to identify observational studies with data on smoking as risk factor of DED. Quality assessment of the included studies was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochrane Q and I² index; in addition, subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were performed. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. A total of 22 studies (4 cohort and 18 cross-sectional studies) with 160,217 subjects met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. There is no statistically significant relationship between current smokers (OR_adjusted = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.95–1.36; P = 0.15; I² = 84%) and former smokers (OR_adjusted = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.93–1.20; P = 0.38; I² = 26.7%) for the risk of DED. The results remained consistent across various subgroups. No risk of publication bias was detected by funnel plot and Eggers’s test (P > 0.05). No source of heterogeneity was observed in the meta-regression analysis. Our meta-analysis suggest current or former smoking may not be involved in the risk of dry eye disease. Further studies to understand the mechanism of interaction between current smokers and formers smokers with DED are recommended.     

Regulation of Eclipta prostrata L. components on cigarette smoking‐induced autophagy of bronchial epithelial cells via keap1‐Nrf2 pathway

Cigarette smoking extract (CSE)‐induced autophagic injury has been regarded as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of lung cancer. We previously found that Eclipta prostrata L. component (CCE) reduced CSE‐induced bronchial epithelial cells damage. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Human normal bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) were exposed to CSE to establish stress model. Nrf2‐siRNA and Keap1‐siRNA transfection were performed. mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 dual fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the autophagic characteristics. CCE prevented CSE‐induced Nrf2 transfer into cytoplasm and up‐regulated Keap1 level of NHBE cells. Furthermore, CCE significantly increased p‐p16, p‐p21 and p‐p53 phosphorylation levels in Nrf2‐siRNA‐ or Keap1‐siRNA‐transfected cells. As demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 dual fluorescence assays, CCE mitigated autophagic injury, and also down‐regulated autophagy‐related Beclin‐1, LC3II/LC3I ratio, Atg5 and ATF4 levels. Our findings showed the attenuation of CCE on CSE‐induced NHBE cells injury was associated with Nrf‐2‐mediated oxidative signaling pathway.     

A 24-hour rhythm in passive-avoidance behaviour in rats

The 24 h variation in the passive avoidance response of rats was measured. Different groups of 18 animals were tested at 4 hourly intervals throughout 24 h. In all cases, retention was measured 48 h after the first trial. All animals were housed under controlled conditions for 14 days before testing. A significant 24-h rhythm in passive avoidance response was found, the maximum and minimum effects being in the middle of the light and dark phases respectively.     

组蛋白修饰变化参与曲古抑菌素A缓解的烟草烟雾暴露所致小鼠子宫损伤过程

目的研究组蛋白修饰变化在曲古抑菌素A(trichostatin A,TSA)缓解烟草烟雾(cigarette smoke,CS)暴露所致的雌性小鼠子宫损伤过程中的作用。方法通过CS暴露30 d方法制备CS暴露小鼠子宫损伤模型,CS暴露的同时给予TSA进行治疗;HE染色观察各组小鼠子宫组织形态学变化;Western blot技术检测各组小鼠子宫组织H3K4me1、H3K4me2、H3K4me3、H3K9me1、H3K9me2、H3K9me3和H3K27me3总的修饰水平变化以及GLP(euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 1,H3K9甲基转移酶),G9ɑ(euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2,H3K9甲基转移酶),EZH2(enhancer of zeste homolog 2,H3K27me3甲基转移酶)的表达水平。结果TSA缓解CS暴露所致的雌性小鼠子宫间质细胞和腺体数量减少等结构改变。TSA有效抑制了CS暴露激活的小鼠子宫组织H3K9me1的表达,但却进一步激活CS暴露诱导的总H3K27me3修饰水平。TSA可以抑制CS暴露激活的小鼠子宫组织GLP和G9ɑ的表达,进一步激活CS暴露诱导的EZH2表达水平。结论组蛋白修饰变化参与CS暴露所致的小鼠子宫损伤以及TSA的缓解损伤过程。     

Effects of smoking intensity trajectory,cumulative smoking exposure,and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension in Chinese adults. The study included 2783 men and 3416 women who participated in at least three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Information regarding smoking behavior was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The trajectory of smoking intensity was determined using a group‐based trajectory model. The number of pack‐years of smoking and the number of years since quitting were calculated. The incidence of hypertension was 18.2% and 15.5% in men and women, respectively, during a median follow‐up duration of 4 years. Male participants with trajectories denoting light and moderate smoking had increased risks of hypertension compared with those with trajectories denoting non‐smoking (P_s  < .05). Compared with male participants with 0 pack‐years, those with < 5.5 pack‐years had a higher risk of hypertension (P < .05). Male participants with ≥5.5 pack‐years and weight gain had a higher risk of hypertension compared with those with 0 pack‐years and weight loss (P < .05). However, smoking was not related to an increased risk of hypertension in women. Additionally, similar to never smoking, having quit within 2–5 years or ≥5 years was not associated with the incidence of hypertension in men. The results of this study showed that light/moderate smoking or high cumulative smoking exposure accompanied by weight gain increased the risk of hypertension in Chinese men and smoking cessation decreased this effect.