Virus-like particles in brain tissue from two patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Summary Particles resembling virions observed in brain biopsies of two patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were located almost exclusively in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes which were swollen and showed accumulations of glia fibres, sometimes the cell bodies of the astrocytes were destroyed.

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Zusammenfassung Virusähnliche Partikel wurden in Gehirnbiopsien von zwei Patienten mit Creutzfeldt-Jakobscher Krankheit beobachtet. Diese Partikel fanden sich fast ausschließlich im Cytoplasma von Astrocyten, die eine Konzentration von Gliafilamenten, Schwellung oder sogar Desintegration zeigten.

     

结节性胃炎内镜下不同分型的临床特征分析简

目的根据内镜下不同分型,分析结节性胃炎（nodular gastritis,NG）的临床特征。方法选择2011年5月～2013年5B我院内镜中心诊断明确的结节性胃炎96例,根据内镜下表现分两型：Ⅰ型为颗粒型（granular,G）为细小隆起的结节;Ⅱ型结节型（nodular,N）为较粗大的隆起结节,结节的数目远少于颗粒型。将两型的临床特征进行对比观察。结果（1）Ⅰ型（n=43）男女比为11：32,年龄19～44岁,平均年龄32岁,Ⅱ型（n=53）男女比为17：36,年龄22—48岁,平均年龄37岁;两型均为中青年,性别比较无差异。（2）Ⅰ型临床上有26例（60．5％）无上腹部主诉,Ⅱ型几乎均有不同程度的腹痛、腹胀、早饱等症状。（3）两型快速尿素酶实验阳性率均为100％（＋＋～＋＋＋＋）。（4）病理改变Ⅰ型均有淋巴滤泡增生,无腺体萎缩和肠上皮化生,Ⅱ型46例（86．7％）可见淋巴滤泡增生,少见有腺体萎缩和肠上皮化生。结论两型结节性胃炎均有明显的幽门螺杆菌感染,病理以淋巴滤泡增生为主要改变,颗粒型无腺体萎缩和肠化,临床上颗粒型可无上消化道症状而结节型几乎均有症状。     

Modeling of occupational exposure to accidentally released manufactured nanomaterials in a production facility and calculation of internal doses by inhalation

Background: Occupational exposure to manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and its potential health impacts are of scientific and practical interest, as previous epidemiological studies associate exposure to nanoparticles with health effects, including increased morbidity of the respiratory and the circulatory system.

Objectives: To estimate the occupational exposure and effective internal doses in a real production facility of TiO₂ MNMs during hypothetical scenarios of accidental release.

Methods: Commercial software for geometry and mesh generation, as well as fluid flow and particle dispersion calculation, were used to estimate occupational exposure to MNMs. The results were introduced to in-house software to calculate internal doses in the human respiratory tract by inhalation.

Results: Depending on the accidental scenario, different areas of the production facility were affected by the released MNMs, with a higher dose exposure among individuals closer to the particles source.

Conclusions: Granted that the study of the accidental release of particles can only be performed by chance, this numerical approach provides valuable information regarding occupational exposure and contributes to better protection of personnel. The methodology can be used to identify occupational settings where the exposure to MNMs would be high during accidents, providing insight to health and safety officials.     

Health impact assessment of increasing public transport and cycling use in Barcelona: A morbidity and burden of disease approach

Objective

Quantify the health impacts on morbidity of reduced car trips and increased public transport and cycling trips.

Methods

A health impact assessment study of morbidity outcomes related to replacing car trips in Barcelona metropolitan (3,231,458 inhabitants). Through 8 different transport scenarios, the number of cases of disease or injuries related to physical activity, particulate matter air pollution < 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and traffic incidents in travelers was estimated. We also estimate PM_2.5 exposure and cases of disease in the general population.

Results

A 40% reduction in long-duration car trips substituted by public transport and cycling trips resulted in annual reductions of 127 cases of diabetes, 44 of cardiovascular diseases, 30 of dementia, 16 minor injuries, 0.14 major injuries, 11 of breast cancer and 3 of colon-cancer, amounting to a total reduction of 302 Disability Adjusted Life Years per year in travelers. The reduction in PM_2.5 exposure in the general population resulted in annual reductions of 7 cases of low birth weight, 6 of preterm birth, 1 of cardiovascular disease and 1 of lower respiratory tract infection.

Conclusions

Transport policies to reduce car trips could produce important health benefits in terms of reduced morbidity, particularly for those who take up active transportation.     

Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a cigarette on indoor air quality

The impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated in an environmentally controlled room using ventilation conditions recommended for simulating “Office”, “Residential” and “Hospitality” environments and was compared with smoking a lit-end cigarette (Marlboro Gold) under identical experimental conditions. The concentrations of eighteen indoor air constituents (respirable suspended particles (RSP) < 2.5 μm in diameter), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, 3-ethenylpyridine, nicotine, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, toluene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and combined oxides of nitrogen) were measured. In simulations evaluating THS 2.2, the concentrations of most studied analytes did not exceed the background concentrations determined when non-smoking panelists were present in the environmentally controlled room under equivalent conditions. Only acetaldehyde and nicotine concentrations were increased above background concentrations in the “Office” (3.65 and 1.10 μg/m³), “Residential” (5.09 and 1.81 μg/m³) and “Hospitality” (1.40 and 0.66 μg/m³) simulations, respectively. Smoking Marlboro Gold resulted in greater increases in the concentrations of acetaldehyde (58.8, 83.8 and 33.1 μg/m³) and nicotine (34.7, 29.1 and 34.6 μg/m³) as well as all other measured indoor air constituents in the “Office”, “Residential” and “Hospitality” simulations, respectively.     

顺磁纳米铁核素治疗的放射性剂量率比较研究

目的:探讨放射源顺磁纳米铁核素(PNINs)肿瘤内照射治疗时,源的分布状态对疗效产生的影响。方法:对放射源PNINs在被外磁场靶向在肿瘤区域以均匀状态分布和直接瘤内注射以点源状态分布在肿瘤中心处时,两种不同分布状态的剂量率进行比较研究。结果:采取瘤内注射的方法使得PNINs以点源的形式作用在肿瘤中心的方式其最大作用距离为0.53 cm,其有效杀伤距离还会小于0.53 cm;若肿瘤若肿瘤半径大于0.53 cm则应该考虑采取用外磁场靶向的方法使得PNINs以平均分布于肿瘤整个区域的方式来获得较好的疗效。结论:其比较结果为PNINs的临床运用提供有益的理论参考。     

双橘颗粒药效学实验研究

目的 探讨双橘颗粒对SD大鼠和家兔乳腺增生的作用.方法 1）大鼠乳腺增生模型：取SD大鼠肌肉注射苯甲酸雌二醇0.5 mg/kg制作乳腺增生模型后,连续给双橘颗粒30 d,末次给药后1 h腹主动脉采血5 ml测定血清雌二醇、孕酮的含量,并取乳腺组织进行病理组织学检查;2）大鼠足肿胀模型：取SD大鼠连续给药10 d,末次给药后1 h左足爪中部皮下注射10%鸡蛋清0.1 ml,然后于0.5、1、2、4、6 h测量同一部位大鼠足肿胀度;3）家兔乳腺增生模型：取未孕雌性家兔,肌肉注射苯甲酸雌二醇0.2 mg/kg,每天1次,连续25 d,随后肌肉注射黄体酮1 mg/kg,每天1次,连续5 d;从造模第5天起,双橘颗粒组和乳增宁片组灌胃相应浓度药液连续给药30 d,末次给药后1 h,心脏采血5 ml,测血清雌二醇、孕酮含量.另取第2对完整的乳房,进行病理组织学检查.结果 1）SD大鼠注射雌激素后,乳房明显肿胀,乳头明显增高等现象.双橘颗粒各剂量组皆能降低乳头高度,与模型组比较,差异具有显著性（P〈0.05）;与空白对照组比较,乳腺增生模型组动物血清雌二醇含量明显升高,孕酮含量明显降低.双橘颗粒10.0、3.0 g/kg剂量组能降低血清雌二醇含量,与模型组比较,有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,双橘颗粒各剂量组小叶缩小,腺泡数减少,腺泡腔和腺导管腔扩张不明显,分泌物减少,与模型组比较,有显著性意义（P〈0.05）.2）SD大鼠足肿胀模型与空白对照组比较,模型组动物注射鸡蛋清后0.5、1、2、4、6 h,其左足注射部位肿胀明显,在0.5、1 h达到高峰,其后肿胀变轻,但至6 h仍未消退.双橘颗粒各剂量组有减轻足肿胀的作用,但1.0g/kg剂量组作用较弱,10.0、3.0 g/kg剂量组作用较明显,其各时间段足肿胀度与模型组比较,差异具有显著性或非常显著性意义（P〈0.05或0.01）.3）家兔乳腺增生模型血清性激素水平与空白对照组比较,乳腺增生模型组动物血清雌二醇含量明显升高,孕酮含量明显降低.双橘颗粒5.0、1.5、0.5 g/kg剂量组能降低血清雌二醇含量,升高血清中孕酮,与模型组比较,差异具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）.对乳腺组织增生病理改变均有明显的改善作用.结论 双橘颗粒对实验性大鼠及家兔乳腺增生具有较好的防治作用.     

妇安颗粒中煎煮药物提取工艺研究

目的:优选妇安颗粒中煎煮药物的提取工艺。方法:以提取液中的多糖、正丁醇提取物、提取浸膏为指标,采用正交试验法对妇安颗粒中煎煮药物的提取工艺进行优选。结果:水煎煮的提取条件确定为A2B2C2,即,加药材加水煎煮2次,第1次加10倍量,第2次加6倍量,每次煎煮2h。结论:确定的工艺合理,有效成分提取率高。     

玉屏风颗粒对肺炎支原体肺炎患儿体液免疫功能调节的研究

目的探讨玉屏风颗粒对肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）患儿体液免疫功能的影响及临床疗效。方法选取我院MPP患儿68例,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组35例给予阿奇霉素加玉屏风颗粒治疗,对照组33例给予阿奇霉素治疗,治疗3周,观察疗效。治疗前后分别检测患儿免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM及补体C3、C4的含量。选择同龄健康体检儿童30例作为健康组。结果治疗前对照组和观察组与健康组比较,IgA、补体C3、C4水平降低,IgM水平升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,IgG水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗后对照组IgA、IgG升高,IgM降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,补体C3、C4水平升高,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗后观察组IgA、C3水平升高,IgM水平降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,IgG、C4水平升高,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗后观察组IgA、C3水平高于对照组,IgG低于对照组（P〈0.05）。治疗后观察组咳嗽消失时间及肺外并发症发生率少于对照组,痊愈率高于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论肺炎支原体感染可导致患儿体液免疫功能异常。玉屏风颗粒辅助用药治疗可改善、提高患儿体液免疫功能,对促进病情恢复、减少并发症发生、提高治愈率、预防复发有重要的临床价值     

A Lipid-based Delivery System for Antisense Oligonucleotides Derived from a Hydrophobic Complex

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASOs) prevent expression of proteins by binding to specific regions of mRNA. This report investigates a potential lipid-based delivery system for ASO. A hydrophobic complex was recovered following addition of cationic lipids to ASOs in a Bligh and Dyer monophase [chloroform/methanol/water (1:2.1:1, v/v/v)]. The addition of monovalent cationic lipids (dioleyldimethylammonium chloride, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, dioleoyltrimethylammonium propane), resulted in >95% recovery of the ASOs from the organic phase when ASO phosphate charge was neutralized. Cholesteryldimethylaminoethylcarbamate mediated efficient extraction at a charge ratio (+/ ?) >5.2. ASOs could not be extracted into the organic phase by the polyvalent lipids, dioctadecylamidoglycyl spermine and 2,3-dioleyloxy- N -[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]- N, N -dimethyl-1-propaminium trifluoroacetate, even at a charge ratio (+/ ?) >5. Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, but not dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, prevented formation and destabilized the hydrophobic complexes. The characterization of the hydrophobic complex led to the development of lipid-ASO particles containing dioleyldimethylammonium chloride, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated phosphatidylethanolamine (LAPs). When FITC-labeled ASOs in LAPs were added to B-cell lymphoma cells (DoHH2) in vitro, cell-associated ASO decreased as poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated phosphatidylethanolamine incorporation increased. Western Blot analysis demonstrated that no significant downregulation of Bcl-2 protein was observed when using LAPs. The results suggest that the use of stabilized PEG-conjugated lipids may be detrimental for cationic lipid-based ASO delivery.