针刺对备用根猫背根节神经元IGF-Ⅰ表达的影响

目的观察胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF—I）在正常猫、部分去背根猫及针刺部分去背根猫的L6手术侧背根节（DRG）表达的时空变化，以了解IGF—I与针刺促进脊髓可塑性的关系。方法25只成年健康雄猫随机分为5组：即正常组、备用根术后7d组与14d组（动物行单侧部分去背根手术，即切除一侧L1～L5、L7～S2背根节，保留L6为备用根）、针刺备用根术后7d组与14d组（动物行单侧部分去背根术后针刺L6脊神经外周支配区内的两组穴位）。动物于术后7d、14d分别处死，取各组（手术侧）L。背根节，-20℃恒冷箱切片，片厚20μm，用兔抗IGF—I（1：200）抗体行免疫组化ABC法染色。观察、计数并比较各组背根节IGF—I阳性神经元的分布、含量及时空变化。结果针刺备用根7d组，DRGIGF—I阳性神经元数较术后7d组明显增加（P〈0．05），但仍低于正常水平；针刺14d，DRG阳性神经元比术后14d亦增多（P〈0．01），且恢复至正常水平。与针刺7d组比较，DRGIGF—I阳性神经元在针刺14d时明显增多（P〈0．05）。结论针刺可增加针刺侧DRG内IGF—I阳性中小神经元数。提示针刺后IGF—I在背根节的表达变化可能与针刺促进脊髓可塑性有关。     

尿流改道早期术后小肠梗阻的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响全膀胱切除尿流改道早期术后小肠梗阻（EPSBO）发生率的潜在因素.方法 1996年1月～2005年1月,因膀胱癌行根治性全膀胱切除尿流改道术171例,多因素统计学方法分析影响EPSBO发生率的因素.结果 多因素logistic回归分析：术中未输血的OR值为6.470,95%CI：1.394～30.021,有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其余因素如：性别、年龄、术式、手术时间、腹腔内应用防粘连剂等无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 统计学显示,术中未输血是根治性全膀胱切除尿流改道EPSBO发生率升高的独立危险因素.性别、年龄、术式、手术时间等不是影响EPSBO的独立危险因素.腹腔内应用防粘连剂未显示出对EPSBO的保护作用.     

TURBT术治疗T1T2期膀胱癌91例

目的:分析两种手术方法对T1T2期膀胱癌的治疗效果。方法:根据病史、体格检查、B超、3D-CT、膀胱镜活组织检查确诊的T1T2期膀胱癌152例,采用TURBT术(经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术)91例,膀胱局部切除术61例,分析比较治疗效果。结果:两种手术方法疗效无显著特异性,患者生存率与肿瘤病理分期有直接相关性。结论:T1T2期膀胱癌采用TURBT术与采用膀胱局部切除术疗效相当,但TURBT费用低,创伤少,便于再次手术,有推广意义。     

Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy: current technique and outcomes

Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy continues to evolve as a surgical option in the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Current oncologic outcomes appear comparable in the short-term with open radical cystectomy. Long-term follow-up, however, remains lacking for this emerging technique. Modern robotic technology allows a comparable extent of pelvic lymph node dissection as open surgery, a previous criticism of the procedure. Complications compare very favorably to open surgery in comparative series, and blood loss and transfusion rates are routinely lower. Length of stay has been shortened in some series, though not uniformly. Finally, robotic assistance can increase the cost of radical cystectomy.     

Current aspects of therapeutic reduction mammaplasty for immediate early breast cancer management: An update

Breast-conservation surgery (BCS) is established as a safe surgical treatment for most patients with early breast cancer. Recently, advances in oncoplastic techniques are capable of preserving the breast form and quality of life. Although most BCS defects can be managed with primary closure, the aesthetic outcome may be unpredictable. Among technical options, therapeutic reduction mammaplasty (TRM) remains a useful procedure since the BCS defect can be repaired and the preoperative appearance can be improved, resulting in more proportional breasts. As a consequence of rich breast tissue vascularization, the greater part of reduction techniques have based their planning on preserving the pedicle of the nipple-areola complex after tumor removal. Reliable circulation and improvement of a conical shape to the breast are commonly described in TRM reconstructions. With an immediate approach, the surgical process is smooth since both procedures can be carried out in one operative setting. Additionally, it permits wider excision of the tumor, with a superior mean volume of the specimen and potentially reduces the incidence of margin involvement. Regardless of the fact that there is no consensus concerning the best TRM technique, the criteria is determined by the surgeon’s experience, the extent/location of glandular tissue resection and the size of the defect in relation to the size of the remaining breast. The main advantages of the technique utilized should include reproducibility, low interference with the oncological treatment and long-term results. The success of the procedure depends on patient selection, coordinated planning and careful intra-operative management.     

The R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometric Nomogram Cannot Accurately Predict Malignancy or Aggressiveness of Small Renal Masses Amenable to Partial Nephrectomy

Introduction/BackgroundThe prediction of histology of SRM could be essential for their management. The RNN is a statistical tool designed to predict malignancy or high grading of enhancing renal masses. In this study we aimed to perform an external validation of the RNN in a cohort of patients who received a PN for SRM.Materials and MethodsThis was a multicentric study in which the data of 506 consecutive patients who received a PN for cT1a SRM between January 2010 and January 2013 were analyzed. For each patient, the probabilities of malignancy and aggressiveness were estimated preoperatively using the RNN. The performance of the RNN was evaluated according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration plot, and decision curve analyses.ResultsThe area under the ROC curve for malignancy was 0.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.63; P = .031). The calibration plot showed that the predicted probability of malignancy had a bad concordance with observed frequency (Brier score = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.15-0.19). Decision curve analysis confirmed a poor clinical benefit from use of the system. The estimated area under the ROC curve for high-grade prediction was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49-0.66; P = .064). The calibration plot evidenced a bad concordance (Brier score = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.17). Decision curve analysis showed the lack of a remarkable clinical usefulness of the RNN when predicting aggressiveness.ConclusionsThe RNN cannot accurately predict histology in the setting of cT1a SRM amenable to PN.     

Dynamic mechanisms underlying afterdischarge: A human subdural recording study

ObjectiveNo synoptic understanding exists of how and why afterdischarges (ADs) occur following electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Based on human observations, we formulated a general mechanism for the emergence of ADs.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed spectra of AD time-series and control segments of the resting electrocorticogram (ECoG) in 15 epilepsy patients who underwent cortical stimulation mapping. The observations led to the development of phenomenological models for AD emergence and morphology.ResultsAn analytical relationship exists between the spectrum of the baseline ECoG and the ensuing AD, characterised by ‘condensation’ of the main baseline spectral cluster, with variable inclusion of higher harmonics of the condensate.ConclusionsADs arise by synchronisation of pre-existing local field potentials, likely through temporary inactivation of inhibitory interneurons from repetitive stimulation-induced depolarization. The appearance of higher harmonics indicates that ADs are further modulated by recurrent feedback, likely from the entrained activity of single units.SignificanceFor the first time, a putative mechanism is suggested for AD emergence following electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Insight is also offered into several empirical observations regarding ADs, detailed in the main text. More generally, a novel conceptual synthesis emerges between the behaviour of electrically-excited cortex and the physics of nonlinearly coupled multi-oscillator systems.     

Laparoscopic partial cystectomy with mucosal stripping of extraluminal duodenal duplication cysts

Duodenal duplication cysts are rare congenital anomalies.Duodenal duplication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with abdominal symptoms with cystic structures neighboring the duodenum.Here,we present an 8-year-old girl with a duodenal duplication cyst treated with partial cystectomy with mucosal stripping performed laparoscopically.Laparoscopic surgery can be considered as a treatment option for duodenal duplication cysts,especially in extraluminal locations.     

Long-term outcomes of APBI via multicatheter interstitial HDR brachytherapy: Results of a prospective single-institutional registry

PurposeLong-term outcome reports of accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) are limited. Here, we report the 10-year outcomes of APBI delivered using multicatheter interstitial implant (ISI) brachytherapy.Methods and materialsPatients with early-stage breast cancer treated with APBI via ISI brachytherapy were enrolled in a prospective registry. Selection criteria included age ≥40 years, ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive tumor ≤3 cm, negative margins (≥2 mm), and negative axillary nodes. 34 Gy in 10 twice-daily fractions was administered to 2 cm of breast tissue surrounding the surgical bed. Toxicity and cosmetic outcomes were collected prospectively.ResultsA total of 175 patients were included. The median followup time was 10.0 years. Ten-year ipsilateral breast tumor control, regional control, freedom from distant metastasis, breast cancer–specific survival, and overall survival were 92.1%, 96.9%, 97.4%, 97.1%, and 81.2%, respectively. High-grade disease was correlated with increase in the rate of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. Grade 1 or 2 skin toxicity was present in 44 patients, and Grade 3 skin toxicity was present in only 1 patient. There were no Grade 4 or higher toxicities observed. Thirty-seven patients developed fat necrosis. Dose Homogeneity Index of ≤0.85 and integrated reference air-kerma of >3400 cGycm²/h correlated with higher rates of fat necrosis. There were 115 (66%), 51 (29%), 8 (5%), and 0 (0%) patients having excellent, good, fair, and poor cosmetic outcomes, respectively.ConclusionsAPBI using ISI brachytherapy offers excellent clinical outcomes in appropriately selected patients with excellent cosmetic outcomes and low rates of toxicities such as symptomatic fat necrosis.