尿毒症不同程度异位钙化患者行甲状旁腺切除手术的疗效比较

目的 比较在尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进不同程度异位钙化患者中行甲状旁腺切除术的近期及远期疗效.方法 术前依据有无心血管系统异位钙化将患者分为2组:影像学无明确异位钙化的A组和影像学提示有明确异位钙化的B组.观察2组患者术前术后症状、全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、补钙方案、心血管事件发生率等指标的异同. 结果 42例患者行甲状旁腺切除术,A组17例,B组25例,术后随访20±6月.A组术后症状消失,随访期间症状无反复,术后血钙平稳,无不良心血管事件发生,无新发心血管系统钙化.B组术后症状改善,6例患者症状山现反复,血钙水平较低,静脉补钙时间较长,术后2例患者因心脑血管事件死亡. 结论 心血管系统异位钙化程度较轻的继发性甲状旁腺机能亢进患者行甲状旁腺切除术,术后症状改善持续,血钙平稳,可延缓心血管系统钙化进展.     

甲状旁腺切除术用于难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的安全性及近远疗效

背景与目的:甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)是治疗药物不能控制的难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的重要手段,但PTX术后仍有可能发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,无动力性骨病或难治性骨软化症,且国内尚缺乏对PTX术后远期的疗效观察的研究。本研究进一步评价PTX治疗难治性肾性SHPT的安全性与近远期疗效。方法:纳入2011年1月—2014年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行PTX治疗的139例伴有难治性肾性SHPT的维持性透析患者。收集患者术前及术后3 d、6个月及1、2、3年的临床资料、血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷、血红蛋白(Hb)及红细胞压积(Hct)等,观察并记录术后症状缓解情况、术后并发症和随访情况。结果:139例患者的PTX手术成功率为95.7%(133/139),术中共计切除甲状旁腺腺体537枚,平均切除3.86枚/例。12例(8.6%)术后发生一过性喉返神经损伤,其中声音嘶哑9例(6.5%),饮水呛咳3例(2.2%),未予处理术后3个月内均自行好转。术后低钙血症或缺乏维生素D者120例(86.3%),给予西那卡塞、补钙及补充活性维生素D治疗后得到有效控制。全组未发生切口感染、出血、窒息及甲状腺功能减退等外科并发症。患者的贫血状况均有不同程度地改善,Hb和Hct术后6个月明显升高并在随访期间保持稳定;术后iPTH明显降低,术后3 d的血钙、磷、钙磷乘积水平最低,随访3年仍低于手术前,所有变化与术前均有统计学差异(均P0.05)。随访期间无死亡病例。患者术前的骨痛、顽固性皮肤瘙痒、失眠、异位钙化、肌无力伴萎缩症状在术后1 d即明显缓解;身高缩短、骨骼畸形患者随访期间无进行性加重;纳差、全身营养状况及自理能力术后3个月内不同程度地改善。11例(7.9%)持续性SHPT,包括4例(2.9%)术中未完全切除甲状旁腺腺体,1例(0.7%)术中1枚腺体较小而未切除完全,6例(4.3%)术后检查存在纵隔异位甲状旁腺。随访期间,5例(3.5%)腺体未切除完全者的iPTH均800 pg/mL,肌无力及顽固性皮肤瘙痒临床症状明显,再次行PTX;6例(4.3%)存在异位甲状旁腺腺体者,因手术风险较大患者拒绝再次手术,予以药物治疗;8例(5.8%)术后复发,其中6例(4.3%)系前臂移植物复发所致,均在局麻下行前臂皮下移植物切除;2例(1.4%)系颈部原位残留腺体过度增生,予以二次手术,术后症状缓解。所有进行二次手术的患者在随访结束时无明显的临床症状,均未复发。结论:PTX可改善难治性肾性SHPT患者临床症状、贫血及钙磷代谢,且近远期疗效均较好,是治疗难治性SHPT的安全有效方法。     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的治疗策略

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)已成为慢性肾脏病(CKD)常见的并发症之一,严重影响患者生活质量。其治疗策略包括药物、手术和介入。药物包括非选择性和选择性活性维生素D、拟钙剂(西那卡塞),药物治疗期间强调动态观察血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)和血清钙、磷的变化,以及时调整药物剂量。药物治疗无效且具备手术指征者,可考虑甲状旁腺切除手术(PTX)或超声介入治疗。PTX前需要高频彩超和(或)⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像用于甲状旁腺的定位诊断。PTX有三种术式,其中甲状旁腺全切除加移植是目前最常用的术式。对于不能耐受手术和需要再次PTX的患者可以选择一种新的治疗策略,即彩色超声介导下甲状旁腺热消融术。     

Perioperative considerations and complications in pediatric parathyroidectomy

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate perioperative considerations and post-operative complications associated with parathyroidectomy in the pediatric population.MethodsThe Kids' Inpatient Database 21 (KID) was searched for patients who underwent parathyroidectomy in 2009 and 2012. Patient demographics, hospital stay, associated charges, and post-operative adverse sequelae were evaluated in all patients and included patient comorbidity and additional procedure requirement analysis.ResultsThere were 182 patients extrapolating to 262 parathyroidectomies over the two years analyzed. Although a minority of patients were male (45.4%), these patients had greater rates of complications, length of stay, and hospital charges. Importantly, minorities and younger patients (≤15y) also had more complicated post-operative courses. The lengths of stay for patients experiencing post-operative altered mental status (18.7d), post-operative infection (15.5d), respiratory complications (19d), and cardiac complications (13d) were significantly increased compared to individuals without major complications (3.4d) (p < 0.001). Patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease, dialysis-dependence, and bone sequelae (most commonly from hungry bone syndrome) also had significantly lengthier stays and greater associated costs.ConclusionFindings from this analysis can be included in a comprehensive pre-operative informed consent process between physicians and patients discussing perioperative considerations and potential complications of parathyroidectomy. Males, younger children, and patients with preexisting renal conditions experienced lengthier and more complicated hospital stays, suggesting the need for closer monitoring of these cohorts.     

2022版美国内分泌外科医师协会《继发性及三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症确定性外科治疗指南》外科部分解读

随着透析患者的持续增加及透析时间增长,慢性肾脏病（CKD）相关的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）发病率持续增加,需要外科干预的患者人数也随之增加。美国内分泌外科医师协会（AAES）于2022年发布了首版《继发性及三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进确定性外科治疗指南》。指南基于大量循证医学研究,规范了SHPT及三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（THPT）的外科治疗指征,系统对比了不同手术方式的优缺点,特别是对术后复发患者的再次手术治疗做出了介绍。但由于缺乏足够的RCT研究结论,该指南的部分推荐循证医学等级较低。笔者重点针对指南中肾衰性SHPT的相关外科部分进行解读,旨在帮助临床医生更深入地掌握SHPT的临床管理,促使诊疗进一步规范化。     

甲状旁腺全切除术治疗难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

目的回顾性总结甲状旁腺全切除术治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效。方法选择18例患者行甲状旁腺全切除术、终末期肾病（end stage renal disease,ESRD）且长期行血液透析,平均透析（114.06±50.38）个月,平均年龄（48.56±11.70）岁。收集患者术前、术后血液中全段甲状旁腺激素（intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH）,血清钙（Ca）、磷（P）和血清碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）的结果,症状、术后并发症、死亡率和复发情况并判断其疗效。结果术后18例患者无一例死亡,2例患者发生一过性喉返神经损伤（11.1%）。低钙血症发生率高达72.2%（13/18）,血清钙术后1周内下降明显,6个月后渐回升至正常水平（P=0.000）,iPTH和血清磷明显降低（P=0.000）。患者的骨痛及皮肤瘙痒症状全部缓解,肌无力、失眠和纳差症状快速改善,全身营养状况好转。血清ALP在术后1周时有短暂升高,此后水平逐渐降低（P=0.449）。结论甲状旁腺全切除术治疗终末期肾病所致的难治性继发性甲状旁腺亢进是一种安全、有效的方法。     

Value of sestamibi scans in tertiary hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of preoperative Tc-sestamibi scans and the incidence of ectopic glands in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. DESIGN: Prospective, non-randomized analysis of a consecutive cohort of surgical patients from the Medical College of Georgia Thyroid/Parathyroid Center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy was analyzed. Demographic data, preoperative Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy results, location of diseased glands, pre- and postoperative calcium, and parathyroid hormone levels were collected. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients underwent parathyroidectomy for tertiary hyperparathyroidism between March 2004 and September 2006. Of these 21 patients, 3 were re-operative cases for persistent hypercalcemia and each was found to have a single diseased gland. Of the 18 patients undergoing first time surgery, 15 had four-gland hyperplasia, 2 patients had single adenomas, and 1 patient had a double adenoma. Nine of the 21 patients (43%) had ectopic glands (2 of these patients had 2 ectopic glands each). The overall sensitivity of the preoperative Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy was 76% and was not significantly different when comparing patients with ectopic glands (78%) and those without (75%). CONCLUSIONS: Tc sestamibi scintigraphy has high positive predictive value and sensitivity in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Sestamibi scanning is particularly valuable in this patient population since the incidence of ectopic glands may be higher than previously recognized.     

Evaluation and management of thyroid incidentalomas detected prior to the parathyroid surgery

Background

We investigated the management of thyroid incidentalomas associated with cases of parathyroid lesions in order to suggest a practical approach to their management from a surgical point of view.