甲状旁腺切除对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者左心室肥厚的影响

目的观察甲状旁腺切除对尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）患者左心室肥厚的影响。方法选取21例SHPT患者,分为手术组13例和常规治疗组8例,手术组切除甲状旁腺,于手术前及手术1年后分别化验血清钙（ca）、血清磷（P）、血清全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）,进行心脏超声检查,测量左室舒张末期内径（LVED）,室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁厚度（LVP—wT）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）计算左心室重量指数（LVMI）。结果手术1年后,手术组患者血清Ca、P、CaXP、iPTH水平均较术前明显降低（t=-3．823、3．873、-4．531、-10．545,均P〈O．01）,LVMI由153．7±56．7g／m^2下降到119．5±29．4g／m^2,手术治疗对LVMI、IVST、LVPWT的影响具有统计学意义（F=4．180、4．174、5．959,P=0．048、0．048、0．019）,对LVED、LVEF的影响无统计学差异（F=2．662、1．010,P=0．111、0．377）。结论甲状旁腺切除能有效改善尿毒症SHPT患者的左心室肥厚。     

Endoscopic endocrine surgery in the neck

Background: The fervor surrounding minimally invasive surgery, which began with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the late 1980s, has spread to nearly all surgical specialties. Methods: After experimental success in an animal model, we recently performed our first case of endoscopic subtotal parathyroidectomy in a 37-year-old man. The patient, who had a history of severe pancreatitis and pancreatic calculi, was diagnosed as having hyperparathyroidism. The option of endoscopic parathyroidectomy was proposed and accepted. After placing the first trocar directly under the platysma, a space was created by bluntly dissecting with the tip of a 5-mm endoscopic camera. Four parathyroid glands were identified, and after a frozen-section diagnosis of parathyroid hyperplasia, three-and-one-half of the glands were resected. Results: The patient developed slight hypercarbia and subcutaneous emphysema during the procedure, but no other problems were noted. His postoperative course was otherwise unremarkable. Conclusions: This is the first case reported of an endoscopic parathyroidectomy. This experience makes us optimistic about the future of endoscopic neck surgery. Received: 3 April 1997/Accepted: 6 August 1997     

甲状旁腺切除术对伴重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进维持性透析患者肾性贫血的影响

目的评价甲状旁腺全切除 部分前臂自体移植术(PTX FAT)对伴有重度继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的维持性透析患者肾性贫血的影响。方法取复旦大学华山医院2001～2005年22例伴有重度SHPT的维持性血液透析患者,其中PTX组11例,非PTX组11例。观察术前、术后第3、6、12个月时患者的iPTH、贫血、铁代谢、营养、透析充分性指标,同时记录患者促红细胞生成素用量、干体重、超滤量等数据。结果PTX组患者术后血清iPTH迅速下降,从第3个月起差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);贫血逐步改善,至术后第12个月时血红蛋白和红细胞压积较术前显著升高(P<0.01及P<0.05),与非PTX组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),同时患者促红细胞生成素用量自第6个月起较术前明显减少,与非PTX组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01);血清铁及转铁蛋白饱和度在术后12个月时较术前明显升高(P<0.01);前白蛋白水平自术后第6个月时也明显升高(P<0.01)。与非PTX组相比铁蛋白、C反应蛋白、透析充分性等指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论重度SHPT血液透析患者在PTX FAT术后可迅速降低iPTH水平并显著改善肾性贫血、减少促红细胞生成素用量,其作用可能部分与功能性缺铁及营养状况改善有关。     

Resetting of parathyroid hormone secretion after vitamin D3 treatment in hypoparathyroidism and after parathyroid adenectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism

The relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and extracellular calcium (Ca) level is reciprocal causality. The equilibrium operating point determines basal PTH secretion rate and basal extracellular Ca level. We studied how this equilibrium was achieved in the subjects with decreased PTH secretion or decreased parathyroid glands number. Basal/maximum ratio of serum PTH, which reflects the basal secretory state of parathyroid glands, was increased in 9 hypoparathyroid patients treated with vitamin D₃ (VD₃) [7 patients with idiopathic hypopar-athyroidism (IHP), and two patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism] and in seven of nine parathyroid adenectomized patients. There was a negative correlation between the ratio and basal serum Ca level in the patients with IHP after VD₃ treatment (r=0.7167, P<0.05) and in the patients after parathyroid adenectomy (r=0.7760, P<0.05). The regression curves in these two groups coincided regardless of the difference in maximum PTH secretion rate, which suggested that the basal secretory state of parathyroid glands was determined by extracellular Ca level in a similar manner in these subjects. There was a sigmoidal relationship between basal/maximum ratio of serum PTH and basal serum Ca level, when the data were collected from 15 hypoparathyroid patients before or after VD₃ treatment, 9 parathyroid adenectomized patients, and 10 normal subjects (r=0.9057, P<0.001). This sigmoidal curve is thought to represent the fundamental relationship between the basal secretory state of parathyroid glands and extracellular Ca level.     

Clinical characteristics of 496 secondary hyperparathyroidism patients undergoing parathyroidectomy

Objective To retrospectively analyze the characteristics of age distribution and clinical nutritional parameters in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) patients undergoing parathyroidectomy (PTX). Methods Clinical data of 496 SHPT patients undergoing PTX from 2011 to 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University were collected and recorded. Age stratification of SHPT patients was observed. The levels of nutritional parameters in different age groups were compared using ANOVA analysis. The relationship between intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and nutritional parameters was explored using Spearman's correlation. Results There were 274 males in 496 SHPT patients who were aged (46.0±11.4) years. Chronic glomerulonephritis was the major primary cause of patients (92.1%). Their dialysis vintage was (7.7±3.6) years. The proportion of SHPT patients receiving hemodialysis was 92.9%. In SHPT patients serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, iPTH and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were (2.6±0.2) mmol/L, (2.2±0.5) mmol/L, (2290.0±1294.2) ng/L, and (564.7±537.8) U/L, respectively. Levels of serum albumin (Alb) in all age groups were lower than the reference range. Serum calcium, ALP, and iPTH levels among age groups were different with statistical significance, while serum phosphorus levels among age groups shown no statistically significant difference. Compared with patients aged ≤18 years old and 19~30 years old, the level of ln[ALP] was lower in patients aged 61-70 years old (P＜0.05). Conclusions Severe SHPT patients are mainly receiving hemodialysis and aged between 30 and 60 years old. Chronic glomerulonephritis is a primary cause of SHPT patients. In order to increase the patients' endurance of operations and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, malnutrition in SHPT patients is to be alleviated before PTX.     

Relationship between the dimension of parathyroid glands estimated by ultrasonography and the hyperplastic pattern in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism

In renal hyperparathyroidism (HPT), the parathyroid glands initially proliferate diffusely and polyclonally, and are then transformed to monoclonal nodular hyperplasia with aggressive growth potential. In this study we evaluated the relationship between the maximal dimension of parathyroid glands estimated by ultrasonography (US) and the hyperplastic pattern of parathyroid glands in patients with renal HPT. Between October 1999 and December 2006, 141 patients who underwent total parathyroidectomy (PTx) with forearm autograft in our department were enrolled in this study. In these patients 308 parathyroid glands were detected by US before PTx. The largest dimension of the gland estimated preoperatively by US was correlated closely with its measurement at surgery (R2 was 0.31, P < 0.001). The maximal dimension of diffuse hyperplastic glands was significantly smaller than that of the glands with nodular hyperplastic glands (P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the pattern of parathyroid hyperplasia and the glandular diameter when we defined 8 mm as the maximal diameter estimated by US as a cut-off value. As a result of receiver operating characteristic analyses, using these criteria the US technique could predict nodular hyperplasia with a high sensitivity (78.9%) and specificity (78.7%). Parathyroid glands that are enlarged by more than 8 mm in the largest dimension estimated by US may represent glands with nodular hyperplasia.     

甲状旁腺切除术后维持性血液透析患者腹主动脉钙化的改变

目的 观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)患者行甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)后腹主动脉钙化及生化指标的发展变化.方法 回顾性分析完成2年随访的严重SHPT患者,按是否行PTX分成PTX手术组和非手术组,观察术后2年腹主动脉钙化评分(abdominal aortic calcification score,AACS)、血清全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷等变化.PTX手术组按照术后2年腹主动脉钙化有无进展分为进展组和非进展组,对比两组的年龄、透析龄、iPTH、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积等指标,分析腹主动脉钙化进展的相关因素.结果 共纳入44例MHD合并SHPT患者,PTX手术组26例,非手术组18例.PTX手术组与非手术组基线资料比较,透析龄差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而性别、年龄、高血压史等差异均无统计学意义.与术前比较,PTX手术组患者术后2年血iPTH、血钙、血磷均降低(均P<0.05),AACS前后差异无统计学意义.患者术后2年有8例(30.77%)腹主动脉钙化加速进展,8例(30.77%)腹主动脉钙化好转,10例(38.46%)腹主动脉钙化稳定.患者术后2年腹主动脉钙化非进展组iPTH值低于进展组[(20.62+6.44) ng/L比(132.72±76.83) ng/L,P<0.05],而非进展组术前AACS高于进展组[(13.11±2.71)分比(2.00±1.41)分,P<0.05].非手术组患者2年后AACS高于基线水平[(10.44±1.65)分比(8.05±1.26)分,P<0.05],血磷及钙磷乘积显著下降(均P<0.05),iPTH、血钙等水平无明显变化(均P>0.05).Pearson相关分析结果显示,PTX手术组术后2年AACS相对于术前的下降值与iPTH下降值(r=0.534,P=0.012)、血钙下降值(r=0.643,P=0.004)、血磷下降值(r=0.897,P<0.001)、钙磷乘积的下降值(r=0.568,P=0.021)呈正相关,与术前AACS值呈负相关(r=-0.647,P=0.014).结论 小样本资料显示,相比非手术治疗,PTX可长期纠正甲状旁腺素、钙、磷代谢紊乱,并有阻止腹主动脉钙化进展甚至逆转血管钙化的可能,而腹主动脉钙化逆转可能与iPTH、血Ca、血P、钙磷乘积的下降程度相关.     

Surgical management of cervical chyloma following parathyroidectomy

Although rare, chylomas can present as a neck mass, especially in the post-operative setting. Here, we present a case of a persistent cervical chyloma following parathyroidectomy and propose a management algorithm for this clinical entity.     

甲状旁腺切除术对终末期肾脏疾病患者冠状动脉钙化的影响

目的 评价甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)对终末期肾脏疾病(ESRD)患者冠状动脉钙化(CAC)的影响.方法 收集2008年1月至2009年5月我院30例行PTX的ESRD患者资料,对患者进行多层螺旋CT扫描,再根据Agaston方法计算CAC积分,比较存在CAC者手术前、后CAC积分.比较患者手术前、后甲状旁腺素、血钙、血磷...